Review for Excretory/Immune/Locomotion test
Excretory
Purpose –
To rid the body of metabolic wastes (wastes made by the body)
Organs –
Lungs
Gets rid of carbon dioxide
Sweat glands
Gets rid of perspiration (Excess water, salt, urea)
Liver
Converts ammonia into urea
Kidneys – Nephrons
Nephrons do the work of the kidneys (the functional unit)
Filtration
Everything is removed from the blood into the nephron, except
proteins and blood cells (too big to fit)
Reabsorption
“Good” stuff is put back (glucose, vitamins, minerals, etc)
What’s left is urine-removed from body
Maintain:
Proper pH level of blood
Proper water and salt balance of blood
Nitrogenous wastes –
Produced as a result of the breakdown of proteins
Nitrogen is released and becomes ammonia – very toxic to body
So body makes it into urea-non-toxic
Urea – Made in the liver, transported to the kidneys
Flow of urine- Made in the Kidney, then goes through the ureters, to the bladder,
through the urethra, then out the body
Diseases
Gout
Painful crystals form as a result of the buildup of uric acid
Crystals gather in the joints, big toes
Nephritis
Bacterial infection of the kidneys
Cirrhosis
Liver tissue is destroyed as a result of excessive drinking
Renal failure
Kidneys stop working – need to get a transplant or be on dialysis
Immune system
Purpose
To protect against disease, foreign invaders in the body
Antigen
Causes an immune response – what body “sees” on foreign invaders
Pathogen
Any disease causing microorganism
Antibody
Type of white blood cell
Formed in response to an antigen
Very specific (because of shape)
Antibodies will only work on one type of antigen
The body remembers antigens it’s seen before, and builds antibodies quickly
Phagocyte
Type of white blood cell – not specific
“Eat” bacteria
Vaccines –
Small amount of weakened microbes are injected into blood
Body makes antibodies in response.
Active immunity
When your body makes the antibodies (either because of a vaccine or because you
get sick)
Passive immunity
When you’re given the antibodies (Mother passes to child, or given a shot)
Allergies
Immune system overreacts to harmless substances.
HIV/AIDS
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
Results in the immune system being destroyed
Locomotion
Purpose
Movement
Bones
Support, attachment site for muscles, protection
Vascularized
Cartilage
Cushions end of joints
Non-vascularized
Muscle
Smooth
Can’t control (ex. Stomach muscle, esophagus, diaphragm)
Voluntary
Can control – skeletal muscle
Cardiac
Heart muscle
Tendons
Connect bones to muscles
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Diseases
Arthritis
Inflammation of joints – painful movement
Osteoporosis
Weakening of bones