Glossary:
1 Taxonomy
2 Prokaryotic cells
3. Eukaryotic cells
4. Classification
5. Monera
6. Protista
7. Fungi
8. Plantae
9. Animalia
10. Autotrophic
11. Heterotrophic

Children’s material
General information:
1 Taxonomy is the branch of biology involved in naming and classifying the various organisms.
2 It is based on the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells have no distinct nucleus or nuclear membrane and no organelles ;representative organisms are bacteria and cyanobacteria (bluegreen algae).
Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus and nuclear membrane and numerous organelles; representative organisms are all those other than bacteria and cyanobacteria.
3 Classification is based on similarities in structure,
function,chemistry,behavior, habitat, reproduction, and development.
1 Five kingdoms of organisms are currently recognized: Monera, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
2 This classification scheme was proposed by Robert H. Whittaker, an
American biologist, in 1959.
Kingdom Monera
1 This kingdom comprises prokaryotic, single-cell organisms.
2 Bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are members of this kingdom.
Bacteria are autotrophic and heterotrophic
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and fix nitrogen.
Kingdom Protista
1 This kingdom encompasses a diverse group of eukariotic, unicellular, colonial, or filamentousorganisms that mat or may not have cell walls.
2 Protists are generally small and inconspicuous; they may photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or both.
3 Examples include algae and protozoa, such as amoeba, diatoms, seaweed, slime molds, and ciliates.
Kingdom Fungi
1 The Kingdom Fungi consists of eukaryotic, filamentous organisms with chitin in cell wall.
2 These heterotrophic organisms absorb nutrients from their surroundings.
3 Mushrooms, mildew, yeast, and molds are fungi.

Kingdom Plantae
1 Multicellular euraryotic, autotrophic, and photosyntetic organisms make up the Kingdom Plantae.
2 All plants contain chlorophyll and most live on land.
Bryophytes are nonvascular, seedless plants; examples are mosses, liverworts, and theirrelatives.
Tracheophytes have vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients; ezamples include seedless plants and seed plants. a) Seedless vascular plants, which reproduce by spores, include ferns and their relatives. b) Seed plants include conifers and evergreens (gymnosperms) andflowering plants (angiosperms).
Kingdom Animalia
1 Thiskingdom consists of euraryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular organisms.
2 The major phyla of the animal kingdom are:
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Porifera (sponges)
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Cnidaria (jelly-fishes, corals, and sea anemones)
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Platyhelminthes (flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms)
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Nemertina or Aschelminthes (roundworms)
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Annelida (segmented worms, leeches, and earthworms)
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Arthropoda (animals with jointed appendages and segmented bodies, such as insects, crayfish, spiders, centipedes, horseshoe crabs, and barnacles)
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Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, and sand dollars)
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Chordata (animals with a spinal cord, such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals)
Bacteria (Monera) 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plants 5. Animals
Five Kingdoms
Kingdom Cell type Organization Nutrition
Monera Prokaryotic Unicellular-small
Absorb,
Photsyn.,
Chemosyn.
Protista Eukaryotic
Unicellular or colonial
Fungi Eukaryotic Multicellular
Ingest,
Photosyn.
Absorb
Organisms
Bacteria,
Cyanobacteria
Protozoa,
Algae
Fungi, yeast,

Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular
Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular
Photosyn.
Ingest.
molds
Plants
Animals
The next level of the family tree under each of these kingdoms is called " Phyla ". The plural of phylum is phyla.The animal (animalia) kingdom for example is divided into approximately 38 smaller phyla branches of the tree. The next levels down the tree are " Class ",
Subclass ", " Order ", " Suborder ", " Family ", " Genus ", and " Species "
Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
Taxonomy - study of classifying organisms
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Taxonomists are scientists who study classifying
Taxon is a category into which related organisms are placed
Reasons to Classify:
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Shows evolutionary relationships
Accurately & uniformly names organisms
Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish
Uses same language ( Latin ) for all names
Prevents duplicated names because all names must be approved by
International Naming Congresses
Naming rules are followed called the International Code for
Binomial Nomenclature
Early Taxonomy:

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Aristotle was the first taxonomist dividing organisms into land, sea, & air dwellers
John Ray was the first to use Latin for naming
Linnaeus developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature, a two-word name (Genus & species)
Scientific names should be italicized in print or underlined when writing
Always capitalize the genus name
The scientific name for man is Homo sapiens
The genus name may be abbreviated , but not the species (H.
sapiens)
Modern Taxonomic System:
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Modern taxonomy uses six kingdoms --- Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes lacking a nucleus, while Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia are all eukaryotes with a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
All members of Plantae & Animalia are multicellular organisms
Fungi & Animalia are heterotrophs, while Plantae are all autotrophs capable of making their own food
Archaebacteria live in harsh environments like very salty lakes; intestines of mammals; and hot, sulfur springs & may be autotrophs or heterotrophs
Eubacteria are true bacteria some of which cause disease
Protista are mainly unicellular with a few multicellular organisms and may be autotrophic (Euglena) or heterotrophic (Ameba)
Fungi include multicellular mushrooms, mold, unicellular yeast, etc.
& are absorptive heterotrophs (digest food & then absorb it)
Animalia are ingestive heterotrophs that take in food & then digest it inside their multicellular bodies.
Plantae includes all plants & are the only all multicellular, autotrophic kingdom

Here are some definitions:
 Classification is a very broad term which simply means putting things in classes. Any kind of organisational scheme is a classification: for example, sorting smarties by colour, coins by diameter or cities by population.
Humans seem unable to resist the urge to classify. It's one of the most basic activities of any science, because it's easier to think about a few groups of things than about lots of separate things.
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 Taxonomy means giving names to things. It tends to go hand in hand with classification, but need not. You can arrange things without naming them, or name them without arranging them, but the most helpful schemes name
 things in a way the reflects their classification.
 Systematics is the process of trying to classify animals (or plants) according to their phylogeny. We could describe the systematics of a group at any moment as being the best current approximation to its phylogeny - because the phylogeny is a solid, unchanging thing, but our systematics will change as we discover more information. (For example, the Therizinosauria were widely considered to be related to the prosauropods until the discovery of the basal therizinosaur Beipiaosaurus showed that they were coelurosaurs.)

"Scientific classification"