Chapter 14: Lymphatics
Lymphatics6eanswers.doc
A note to students: Wofford students who take the immunology course by Dr. Moss will
be well-informed about the immune system and will know much more about the immune
system than is covered in this Histology course. For those students much of this chapter
in Histology will be a review. However, for those who graduate from Wofford without a
course in immunology, there are no other courses in the Biology major that provide
sufficient coverage of the immune system. Therefore, these questions are composed with
that deficiency in mind so that even without an immunology course, your knowledge of
the immune system should be at least adequate having completed this chapter and its
questions.
1. What is GALT?
2. What constitutes an antigen?
3. What are the various forms that can be antigens?
4. What are the characteristic of nonspecific (innate) immunity?
5. Which cell types engage in nonspecific immunity?
6. Which types of cells become activated in specific (adaptive) immunity?
7. What distinguishes the humoral response from the cellular immune response?
8. What are the three recognized types of lymphocytes?
9. What are the categories of supporting cells of the immune system?
10. Which organs have reticular cells and reticular fibers?
11. Which organ has epithelioreticular cells that form the structural meshwork upon
which other cells reside?
12. What does CD abbreviate?
13. What is the usefulness of CD molecules?
14. Does a lymphocyte express only one type of CD molecule at a time?
15. How is the thymus related to T –cells? What are the subtypes of T cells and in what
process do they participate?
16. What does the TH1 form of Helper CD4+ T lymphocytes do?
17. What does the TH2 form of Helper CD4+ T lymphocytes do?
18. What do Cytotoxic CD8+ cells do?
19. What is the origin of “B” in the designation of B-cells? Which organs “educate” Bcells in humans?
20. What do B-cells secrete?
21. What is the special action of NK cells? What do they secrete?
22. What is apotosis?
23. Name the primary lymphatic organs in humans. What happens to lymphocytes in
these organs?
24. What are the secondary lymphatic organs and what happens in these organs?
25. How are macrophages involved in the triggering of a specific immune response?
26. What triggers a primary immune response and what is the timecourse?
27. What is the origin of a memory cell?
28. Why is the secondary immune response much more rapid than a primary immune
response?
29. Since antibodies don’t kill or destroy antigens, how do they actually work?
30. Which cell types produce antibodies?
31. What do helper T-cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes recognize and bind?
32. What is required for a helper T cell to recognize an antigen?
33. What do Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize?
34. What is an APC?
35. What do MHC I molecules display on cell surface? How does this aid in the
recognition of virus-infected or cancerous cells?
36. What cell type “reads” these MHC I displays?
37. What types of cells display MHC II molecules?
38. How do MHC II molecules differ from MHC I molecules regarding what is
presented?
39. Specifically, which type of lymphocyte interacts with APCs?
40. What type of cell kills a transformed or virus-infected cell?
41. From what type of cell do plasma and memory cells originate?
42. What are the various types and locations of APCs derived from the mononuclear
phagocytic system?
43. What is the role of follicular dendritic cells in lymph nodes?
44. What are the two routes by which lymphocytes arrive in a lymph node?
45. Which body parts possess a lamina propria?
46. What happens to lymphocytes in the lamina propria that are exposed to antigens?
Where do their progeny go?
47. How does a secondary nodule differ from a primary nodule?
48. Where are germinal centers located and what is occurring in them?
49. What and where are Peyer’s patches?
50. How can a lymphatic nodule be distinguished from a lymph node?
51. What are the cells of the reticular meshwork in a lymph node? Which of these are not
APCs?
52. What are the zones of tissue in a lymph node? Where are B cells and T cells located
within these layers?
53. What are the types of sinuses in a lymph node?
54. How are macrophages associated with these sinuses?
55. What and where are high endothelial venules? What occurs in these structures?
56. Where do B cells go upon arriving in a lymph node?
57. Where do plasma cells reside in a lymph node?
58. Where do memory B cells go?
59. Why are enlarged lymph nodes associated with infections?
60. What is the histological evidence of thymic involution that occurs at about the time of
puberty?
61. What is the name of the support cells of the thymus?
62. Where are Hassall’s corpuscles located?
63. Why does the medulla of the thymus stain lighter than the cortex?
64. What is the function of the blood-thymus barrier?
65. What specific types of lymphocytes leave the thymus?
66. What is the role of myofibroblasts in the capsule of the spleen?
67. What are PALS?
68. How can PALS be distinguished from a lymphatic nodule?
69. Where are the B and T lymphocytes situated in the spleen?
70. Why is red pulp red in fresh spleen?
71. In which region of the spleen are the cords of Billroth found?
72. What is unusual about the endothelial cells of the splenic sinuses?
73. What is unusual about the basal lamina surrounding the splenic sinuses?
74. What is the significance of an “open circulation” of blood through the spleen?