Biology 2 – Study Guide # 1
Chapters 24, 25 & 26 – Macroevolution and Systematics
What are the two main points of Darwin’s book? What is microevolution? Macroevolution? What are the two theories of
macroevolution? What are the three types of gradualism? What is punctuated equilibrium? What is a biological species? What is
allopatric speciation? What conditions favor allopatric speciation? Sympatric speciation? What is autopolyploidy? Allopolyploidy?
What is a hybrid zone? What are the three outcomes? What is the origin of novelty? (exaptations) What is evo-devo? What is
allometric growth, heterochrony, paediomorphosis, paediogenesis? What are hox genes (homeotic genes)? How do evolutionary
trends behave? What is adaptive radiation? Know the ways fossils are formed and what fossilizes. What are the limitations of the
fossil record? Know how to do a radiometric problem? What is a half-life? Know the geological time scale. What is continental
drift? Plate tectonics? K-T boundary? Pangaea? Laurasia? Gondwana? What is systematics? What are the systematic tools
discussed in class? What is taxonomy? Who developed this system? Know DKPCOFGS? Know the three types of phylogenetic
groupings discussed in class. What is homology? Analogy? What is “ontology recapitulates phylogeny”? What are the three schools
of systematics and how do they differ? What are the three assumptions of cladistics? Be sure you can do the problems presented on
the first handouts.
Chapter 17 – Viruses
Know the structure of viruses. Know how viruses replicate. Know the viral genome structure. What are bacteriophages?
What are the lytic and lysogenic reproductive cycles? Know the information give on HIV virus. What are the treatments?
Chapter 27 – Bacteria & Archaea
Know the structure of a prokaryotic cell. Know how bacteria reproduce asexually and through genetic combination. (binary
fission, transduction, transformation, conjugation). What different methods are used to classify bacteria? Know the different shapes
of bacteria. Know how gram staining is done and how to read a test. Why do they stain those colors? Know the oxygen requirements
seen in bacteria. Know the different types of feeding adaptations seen in bacteria. What is nitrogen metabolism? Nitrogen fixation?
Know the classification of bacteria and the different groups and species we discussed in class. Know the different symbiotic
relationships discussed in class. What is the difference between exo and endotoxins? What is bioremediation? Know Koch’s
postulate.
Chapter 28 – Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity
Know the characteristics of eukatyotic cells. What are the two theories on how they come about? Know the classification of
“protista” given in class. Know the four supergroups. Know their characteristics. Be sure you can identify all of the characteristics
found in each clade. (Hint: remember that lower clades have the characteristics of the higher clades they are included in)
Chapter 52 & 55– Ecology
What are abiotic and biotic factors? What are the biogeographic realms? What factors affect distribution? What is climate?
How does solar radiation change in different latitudes? What affects global weather patterns? What affects local weather patterns?
What is the rain shadow effect? Know the different aquatic and terrestrial biomes discussed in class. Know the different plant and
animal examples given in class. Know how nutrients cycle through the environment.