KIN 675 Journal Club
Fall 2007
Classic Questions in Exercise Physiology: "things we actually believe to be true
about exercise and physical activity"
Muscle growth: What’s the hype?
o Do you need muscle damage? (T. Hortobagyi et al., 1996; EJ. Higbie, 1996;
LC. Martineau and PF Gardiner, 2001)
Muscle Soreness…no pain, no gain
o Original observation on DOMS (Hough T, 1902)
o Quantitative investigation (J Friden, M Sjostrom, and B Ekblom, 1981; RM
Crameri et al., 2007)
Type 1, type 2…what type are you?
o Altering fiber characteristics (and type?) with exercise training (PD Gollnick ,
et al., 1973; E Jansson et al., 1978; and CP Ingalls 2004 )
Why BMI?
o Association between body size and disease risk (METLIFE Original Report)
o Tutorial on different ways to assess body composition (pros & cons)
MET: one size fits all?
o Resting metabolic rate (JA Harris and FG Benedict, 1918)
o Development of the MET scale (AP Gagge, AC Burton, and HC Bazett, 1941)
o Application to today’s society (NM Byrne et al., 2005)
To plateau or not to plateau
o Is VO2max real? (AV Hill and Lupton, 1923 and AV Hill et al., 1924)
o Heart rate and VO2 to predict VO2max? (Astrand and Rhyming, 1954)
o Plateau Criteria for VO2max (H.L Taylor et al., 1955).
What limits VO2max?
o Frank – Starling Mechanism (S.W. Patterson and E.H. Starling, 1914),
o Diffusion limitation (Roca et al., JAP 1992)
o Cardiac output (Ekblom et al., 1968)
Post-exercise Huff and Puff
o O2 debt is not O2 deficit (R Margaria, HT Edward, and DB Dill, 1933)
o O2 debt vs. EPOC
o Variables that contribute to EPOC
Exercise does a body good
o Epidemiological studies confirming health benefits of physical activity
(Paffenbarger et al., 1971 and Paffenbarger et al., 1978)
Blood flow: Pump, pump, pump, pump it up
o Redistribution of blood flow during exercise (A.R. Hohimer et al. 1983.)
o How much does the muscle pump contribute to limb blood flow during
exercise? (Pollack & Wood, 1949; Folkow et al., 1970; Hamann et al., 2003)
o How does blood flow adapt so rapidly? Muscle pump vs. vasodilation
Tap into ATP
o How do we know ATP is the energy source for muscle contraction? (Cains DF
and Davies RE, 1962)
o Krebs Cycle (Krebs HA and Johnson WA, 1937)
o How much ATP is generated from aerobic metabolism?
Lactate…the underdog
o Lactate as an energy source during aerobic metabolism (Stanley WC, 1988)
o Cori Cycle
References:
Astrand PO and Rhyming I. A Nomogram for Calculation of Aerobic Capacity (Physical
Fitness) from Pulse Rate During Submaximal Work. J Appl Physiol 154, 7: 218-221.
Byrne NM, et al. Metabolic Equivalent: One Size Does Not Fit All. J Appl Physiol 2005,
99: 1112-1119
Cain DF and Davies RE. Breakdown of adenosine triphosphate during a single
contraction of working muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1962, 8: 361-6.
Crameri RM, Aagaard P, Qvortrup K, Langberg H, Olesen J, Kjær M. Myofibre damage
in human skeletal muscle: effects of electrical stimulation versus voluntary contraction.
J. Physiol. 2007; 583: 365 - 380.
Ekblom B Hermansen L, Cardiac output in athletes. J Appl Physiol 25(5): 619-25, 1968.
Folkow, B, Gaskill P, Waaler BA. Blood flow through the limb muscles during rhythmic
exercise. Acta Physiol. Scan.. 81: 157-163, 1971.
Friden J, Sjostrom M Ekblom B. A morphological study of delayed muscle soreness.
Experientia, 1981; 37(5): 506-7.
Gagge AP, Burton AC, and Bazett HC. A Practical System of Units for the Description
of the Heat Exchange of Man with his Environment. Science 1941, 94(2445): 428-430.
Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saltin B, Saubert CW , Sembrowich WL, and Shepherd RE.
Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle
J Appl Physiol, 1973, 34: 107.
Hammann JJ, Valic Z, Buckwalter JB, Clifford PS. Muscle pump does not enhance
blood flow in exercising skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 94: 6-10, 2003.
Harris JA and Benedict FG. A Biometric Study of Human Basal Metabolism.
Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute 1918, 370 – 373.
Higbie, EJ, Cureton KJ, Warren, GL, Prior, BM. Effects of concentric and eccentric
training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation.
J Appl Physiol 1996, 81: 2173.
Hill AV and Lupton H. Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilisation of
oxygen. QJM 1923, 16: 135-171.
Hill AV, Furusawa K, Long CNH, and Lupton H. Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the
supply and utilisation of oxygen. Parts VII-VIII. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1924, 97:
155-176.
Hohimer AR et al. Regional distribution of blood flow during mild dynamic leg exercise in
the baboon. JAP 55: 1173-77, 1983.
Hortobagyi T, Hill JP, Houmard JA, Fraser, DD, Lambert NJ, Israel, RG. Adaptive
responses to muscle lengthening and shortening in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1996, 80:
765.
Hough T. Ergographic Studies in Muscular Soreness Am J Physiol -- Legacy Content
1902, 7: 76 - 92.
Ingalls CP. Nature vs. nurture: can exercise really alter fiber type composition in human
skeletal muscle? J Appl Physiol, 2004, 97: 1591 - 1592.
Jansson E, Sjodin B , and Tesch P. Changes in muscle fibre type distribution in man
after physical training. A sign of fibre type transformation? Acta Physiol Scand, 1978,
104(2): 235-7.
Krebs HA and Johnson WA. The role of citric acid in intermediate metabolism in animal
tissues. Enzymologia 1937, 4: 148-156.
Margaria R, Edward HT, and Dill DB. The Possible Mechanisms of Contracting and
Paying the Oxygen Debt and the Role of Lactic Acid in Muscular Contraction. Am J
Physiol. 1933, 106: 689-715.
Martineau, LC, and Gardiner, PF. The biochemistry behind hypertrophy comparing
eccentric, isometric, and concentric. Insight into skeletal muscle mechanotransduction:
MAPK activation is quantitatively related to tension. J Appl Physiol. 2001; 91: 693.
Paffenbarger RS, Gima, AS, Laughlin ME, and Black RA. Characteristics of
Longshoremen Related to Fatal Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke. A.J.P.H. 1971,
61(7): 1362-1370.
Paffenbarger RS, Wing AL, Hyde RT. Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in
college alumni. Am J Epidemiol 108:161-175, 1978.
Patterson SW, Starling EH. On the mechanical factors which determine the output of
the ventricles. J Physiol. 48: 357- 379, 1914.
Pollack AA, Wood EH. Venous pressure in the saphenous vein at the ankle in man
during exercise and changes in posture. J Appl Physiol. 1: 649-662, 1949.
Randle PJ, Garland PB, Hales CN, Newsholme EA. The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its
role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet
1963, 13;1:785-9.
Roca J et al., Effects of training on muscle O2 transport at VO2max. J Appl Physiol 73:
1067-1076, 1992.
Stanley WC, Wisneski JA, Gertz EW, Neese RA, Brooks GA. Glucose and lactate
interrelations during moderate-intensity exercise in humans. Metabolism. 1988
Sep;37(9):850-8.
Taylor HL, Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory
performance. JAP 8(1): 73-80, 1955.
Guidelines:
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Powerpoint presentations are required (approximately 20 minutes).
One topic will be presented per week with two presenters (students can pick with
whom they would like to present). Both students must participate in the presentation.
Presentations should reflect a “chronological timeline of changes to definitive
concepts that we base our assumptions in the area of exercise physiology”.
 Presentation and discussion should include:
 What did researchers know before the seminal paper(s) were published?
 Key concepts of the seminal paper that changed people’s views on the topic.
 What has been established since the seminal paper?
 What do we believe now?
Students should not present papers from their own individual areas of study. The
information should be presented at a level where everyone can understand the
fundamental concepts.
Students and faculty should complete required readings before coming to journal
club.
Class URL is http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/%7Ebraunlab/ex_phys_j_club_f_2007.htm