Revision of prehistory
I. Sources of History: A történelem forrásai:
A. Unwritten sources, eg.: Íratlan források, pld.
Helmet / sisak /
B. Written things and pictures: eg.: Old book, photos.
Írott források, képek, pld. Régi könyv, képek
C. Customs, traditions, legends, myths. tales eg.:
Szokások, hagyományok, legendák, mítoszok, mesék, pld.:
II. The periods of history /5/
Prehistory
Ancient time
Middle age
Modern times
The most modern age
őskor
ókor
középkor
újkor
legújabb kor
….-BC 5000
BC 5000- 476
476-1492
1492-1918
1918 -….
Prehistory:
Palaeolithic stone age 4million-10.000 years /pattintott
őskőkor/
Neolithic stone age 10.000-5.000 csiszolt őskőkor
III. Counting time
Hebrew/Jewish
BC 3761 world creation
Ancient Greeks
BC 776
1st Olympic game
Ancient Romans
BC 753
Founding of Rome
Christians
0
Birth of Jesus Christ
Muslims
622
Mohamed prophet’s run to
Medina
IV. How do archaeologists work?
1. Satellite imagery /műholdas felvétel/
2. Aerial survey / légifelvétel /
3. Field survey /földi kutatás/
4. Surface survey / földfelszín kutatása /
5. rough excavation / durva ásatás/
6. Accurate excavation / Finom ásatás/
7. Photo, video
8. Analysis / Elemzés/
9. Reconstruction
V. Development of human beings
1. Australopithecus majomember
They lived roughly 4 - 2.75 million years ago.
There is, however, strong evidence that they
used sticks and bones to help them dig and
defend themselves.
Our most ancient ancestor is Australopithecus afarensis.
" Lucy".
Males and females show a considerable difference in
size, varying from 1 - 1.7 m in height and from 25 - 50
kg in weight.
This bipedal ancestor had a brain capacity that 380 - 450
cc.
Hominids: emberszabásúak
1. Homo habilis,SKILLED
which means
‘person with abilities.' It is believed that
Homo habilis lived until about 1.5 million
years ago.
It is believed that Homo habilis were the
first hominids to create and use tools.
2. Homo erectus inhabited Africa, Asia and
Europe some 1.6 million years ago, and
remained active in these areas until around
250,000 years ago. Fossils of Homo
erectus have been found in forests, plains
and grasslands.
Historians believe that Homo erectus began
as gatherers but advanced over many
generations into hunters. The women
likely stayed close to home where they
cared for children and gathered nuts,
fruit and leaves for eating.
It is believed that the men went in
hunting groups in search of meat. At first
they only looked for animals that were
already dead. Over time, however, they
developed tools, such as clubs, that
allowed them to hunt and kill animals.
Fire allowed them to cook their food, to stay
warm in cool environments, and to utilize
caves as shelter.
In order to keep warm, Homo erectus began
utilizing
clothing.
This
began
with
individuals placing animal skins over their
bodies, and became more advanced as they
learned to stitch animal skins together
using strips of leather.
3. Homo sapiens
Neanderthals: ŐSEMBER
The first Homo sapiens are believed to
have been the Neanderthals. Neanderthal
people first appeared on the Earth around
200,000 years ago in Africa. They
migrated from Africa to the rest of the world
around 100,000 years ago.
Some lived in caves, while others built
shelters out of branches and animal skins.
Still others dug pits and covered them with
branches, animal skins and leaves.
There is strong evidence that the Neanderthal had a
belief in the afterlife. Burial plots have been found
where the dead were covered with flowers and buried
with food along with the tools they would need in the
next life.
There is also evidence that Neanderthal
cared for their sick and injured. Fossil
remains show serious injuries, such as
broken legs, which had healed completely.
It is even possible that Neanderthal used
medicines.
2 Homo sapiens sapiens /wise man/ gondolkodó
ember
Cro-Magnons Approximately 35 000 years
ago
They could speak tudtak beszélni
The earliest of their discovery in France in
the 1860s. Since their original discovery,
many other Cro-Magnon fossils and artifacts
have been found throughout Europe, Asia
and Africa.Homo sapiens sapiens were the
Cro-Magnons. These early modern humans
are named after the location
Cro-Magnons
were
taller
than
the
Neanderthal, but they were not as muscular.
A very important advantage is that they had
much improved technologies, languages and
cultures over those of the Neanderthals.
The Tools
Magnons
and
Technology
of
Cro-
Cro-Magnons used other materials for
making tools. These materials included
bones, antlers, teeth and ivory.
With these new materials, they were able to
create sharper blades, needles for
sewing, and fishhooks for fishing. CroMagnons also invented new kinds of long
distance weapons, such as bow and
arrows and spear throwers.
Axes allowed humans to chop down trees. Evidence has
been found to show that early humans used some of
these logs to make canoes.
New technologies dramatically increased the amount of
food available.
Cro-Magnon Social Life
At first they lived in caves or temporary
structures, and spent their lives hunting and
gathering in small groups.
As food sources increased, humans settlements became
more permanent. Many groups began building homes
out of logs or stone. Smaller groups joined together
forming
larger
groups.
VI. Hungarian fossils
1. Vértesszőlős homo erectus bc 350.000
Samuel, scruff tarkó
2 child’s teeth
Flint choppers pattintott marokkövek
Animal’s bones
Homo erectus’ footprint
2. Neanderthall Subalyuk cave:
BC 60-70.000 year A 3 years old child and a 30
years old woman
Neanderthal man
Hunter, beautiful jewells, arrows, sharp arrowheads
3. Neanderthall and Cro magnon Istállókő cave
Neanderthall eg. BC. 36.000 year, Cro magnon BC.
30.000
Mammoth, cave-lion, goat
Cannibalism
Whistle made of bear’s bone
4. Szeleta cave Cro magnon
40 pieces of tools bay leaf-shaped edge
VII. Fire
What is fire used for?
Lighting, heating, frying, scaring, chasing
wild animals
People started to recognise fire half a million
years ago.
People created fire 125.000 years ago.
First with flake tools, then with rubbering
woods.
VIII. What make human beings different from
animals?
Working
Thinking
Speaking
They developed at the same time.
IX. Art and magic
Altamira, Lascaux, shaman, magic rituals
X. From predation to production
Predation: hunting, fishing, gathering, wandering, nomadic lifestyle
Production:
animal husbandry, cultivation
surplus
permanent
homes
Division of labour
Agriculture
Farmers
Village
Trade
Barter economy
Merchants
market
Weaver, smith, potter, miller,
Town / Jericho, Catal Hüyük