Chapter 1
Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research
Why It Matters [pp. 1-2]
1. life
1.1 What is Life? [pp. 2-7]
2. hierarchy; 3. cell; 4. unicellular organism; 5. multicellular organism; 6. population; 7. community; 8. ecosystem;
9. biosphere; 10. emergent properties; 11. DNA; 12. RNA; 13. protein; 14. metabolism; 15. primary producers; 16.
consumers; 17. decomposers; 18. external environment; 19. homeostasis; 20. reproduction; 21. inheritance; 22.
development; 23. life cycle; 24. biological evolution; 25. biology; 26. ecology; 27. homeostasis; 28. ecosystem; 29.
biosphere; 30. protozoa; 31. organized chemical system surrounded by a membrane; 32. multicellular organism; 33.
population; 34. the collection of all of the populations of different organisms living in the same place; 35.
ecosystem; 36. energy flows and mass cycles; 37. b; 38. a; 39. a; 40. c; 41. b; 42. b; 43. d; 44. a; 45. c; 46. g; 47. f;
48. e
1.2 Biological Evolution [pp. 7-9], 1.3 Biodiversity and the Tree of Life [pp. 9-13].
49. artificial selection; 50. natural selection; 51. genes; 52. mutations; 53. adaptations; 54. species; 55. scientific
name; 56. genus; 57. family; 58. order; 59. class; 60. phylum; 61. kingdom; 62. domain; 63. Archaea; 64. Bacteria;
65. Eukarya; 66. prokaryotes; 67. eukaryotes; 68. nucleus; 69. organelles; 70. Protoctista; 71. Plantae; 72. Fungi;
73. Animalia; 74. c; 75. e; 76. d; 77. a; 78. b; 79. b; 80. a; 81. c; 82. a; 83. b; 84. d; 85. f; 86. a; 87. e; 88. c; 89. b; 90.
h. 91 g
1.4 Biological Research [pp. 13-19]
92. biological research; 93. scientific method; 94. basic research; 95. applied research; 96. observational data;
97. experimental data; 98. hypothesis; 99. predictions; 100. alternative hypothesis; 101. control; 102. experimental
variable; 103. replicates; 104. null hypothesis; 105. model organisms; 106. biotechnology; 107. scientific theory;
108. b; 109. a; 110. c; 111. a; 112. b; 113. d; 114. a; 115. b; 116. g; 117. f; 118. c; 119. e; 120. Model organisms
have rapid development, short life cycle, small adult size, and other characteristics that make them amenable to
laboratory research. The fruit fly is an example of a model organism; 121. A scientific theory has been exhaustively
tested and is not likely to be contradicted by future research. 122. Scientists must describe an idea in such a way that
if it is wrong, they will be able to demonstrate it is wrong
Self-Test
1. b [The initial observations indicated that small size is accompanied by low IGF levels and that large size is
accompanied by high IGF levels. The experiment is aimed at demonstrating a causal relationship between size and
IGF level; therefore, b is correct]
2. a [a is correct because the biologist is manipulating the system; such manipulation results in experimental data]
3. a [The experiment tests the effects of saline (control) and IGF injection; therefore, the experimental variable is
IGF level (none vs. 100ng/g body weight) and a is correct; all other parameters were held constant]
4. a
5. a
6. a
7. c
8. c
9. c [c is correct because species names are two-part names with a genus and a specific epithet]
10. d
11. b
12. a