Cell Moodle and Final Exam Study Guide
LAB REPORTS
Hypothesis – an “if then” statement, an educated guess, the
introduction to your experiment
Control Group – the one thing you leave alone in an experiment
Independent Variable – the one thing you change in an experiment
Dependent Variable – the data you collect
Conclusion – restate your hypothesis and state your findings
Cells, Heredity, and Classification
Chapter 1, Section 1 The Diversity of Cells
cell – in biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes;
cells are covered by a membrane and have DNA cytoplasm
cell membrane – phospholipid layer that covers a cell’s surface; acts as
a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell’s environment
organelle – one of the small bodies in a cell’s cytoplasm that are
specialized to perform a specific function
nucleus – in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-bound organelle that
contains the cell’s DNA and that has a role in processes such as
growth, metabolism, and reproduction
prokaryote – an organism that consists of a single cell that does not
have a nucleus
eukaryote – an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed
by a membrane; eukaryotes include animals, plants, and fungi, but not
archaebacteria or eubacteria
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
cell wall – a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and
provides support to the cell
ribosome – cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of
protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum – a system of membranes that is found in a
cell’s cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and
transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
mitochondrion – in eukaryotic cells the cell organelle that is
surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular
respiration
Golgi complex – cell organelle that helps make and package materials
to be transported out of the cell
vesicle – a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic
cell
lysosome – a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
Section 3 The Organization of Living Things
tissue – a group of similar cells that perform a common function
mitosis – the process by which cells reproduce
organ – a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of
the body
organ system – a group of organs that work together to perform body
functions
organism – a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes
independently
structure – the arrangement of parts in an organism
function – the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part
Chapter 2, Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
diffusion – the movement of particles from regions of higher density
to regions of lower density
osmosis – the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
passive transport – the movement of substances across a cell
membrane without the use of energy by the cell
active transport – the movement of substances across the cell
membrane that requires the cell to use energy
endocytosis – the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a
particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into
the cell
Section 2 – Cell Energy
photsynthesis – the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria
use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make food
cellular respiration – the process by which cells use oxygen to
produce energy from food
fermentation – the breakdown of food without the use of oxygen
EARTH SCIENCE
Fault – a break in the Earth’s crust
Folding Deformation - bent or curved layers in the Earth’s crust
Pangea – Wegener thought that all the continents were once together
in one large continent
Richter magnitude – scale used to measure the strength of an
earthquake
Sea-floor spreading – new oceanic lithosphere forms as a result of
this divergent boundary
Seismograph – records Earthquake waves
Tectonic Plates – consist of both continental and oceanic crust
MATTER
Chemical Change - A change that occurs when one or more
substances change into entirely new substances with different
properties.
Chemical Property - A property of matter that describes a
substance’s ability to participate in chemical reactions.
Physical Change - A change of matter from one form to another (ex.
Liquid to a solid) without a change in chemical properties.
Physical Property - A characteristic of a substance that does not
involve a chemical change, such as density, color, or hardness.
Density - The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the
substance.
Mass - A measure of the amount of matter in an object.
Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space.
ATOMS
Nucleus – center of atom – contains protons and neutrons
Protons – positive charge, equal to the atomic number for the element
Neutron – neutral charge, calculate by taking the atomic mass/unit and
subtracting the number of protons
Electrons – negative charge, equal to the number of protons in an
element
MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS
Pure Substance - A sample of matter, either a single element or a
single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties.
Metal - An element that is shiny and that conducts heat and
electricity well.
Nonmetal - An element that conducts heat and electricity poorly.
Metalloid - An element that has properties of both metals and
nonmetals.
Compound - A substance made up of atoms of two or more different
elements joined by chemical bonds.
Mixture - A combination of two or more substances that are not
chemically combined.
Solution - A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
uniformly dispersed throughout a single phase.
Solute - In a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent.