HARTMANN
PSYCHOLOGY 1230-001
Study Guide #5
Chapter 5 and Lecture 10 & 12
FALL 2005
Chapter 5: The Self, Identity, Emotion, & Personality
1. Sixteen-year-old Tia describes herself with one set of characteristics in relation to her family,
another set of characteristics in relation to her friends, and another set of characteristics in relation to
her romantic relationship. Her self-understanding is
A) self-conscious.
B) contradictory.
C) ideal.
D) differentiated.
E) false.
2. Carl Rogers believed that if the real and ideal selves are extremely discrepant, this is a sign of
A) creativity.
B) intelligence.
C) maladjustment.
D) high achievement motivation.
E) self-reflection and insight.
3. Adolescents believe that they will probably decrease their popularity if they
A) use their false selves.
B) discuss their possible selves.
C) talk about their ideal selves.
D) become self-protective.
E) admit that they engage in social comparison.
4. As adolescents develop formal operational thinking, what happens to their various differentiated
selves?
A) They fluctuate.
B) They are avoided.
C) They are removed.
D) They are integrated.
E) They are disliked.
5. Which of the following statements about self-esteem is TRUE?
A) Self-esteem for both genders increases during early adolescence and then declines in late
adolescence.
B) Female and male adolescents report equal levels of self-esteem.
C) Self-esteem changes may be related to family cohesiveness.
D) During times of transition, adolescents' self-esteem increases slightly.
E) Adolescents' self-esteem was higher in the 1960s than it was in the 1990s.
6. College students in the 1990s, unlike those in the 1960s, experienced the "self-esteem movement";
thus, students in the 1990s had higher self-esteem than those in the '60s. This is an example of a
A) contrast effect.
B) generational effect.
C) differentiated effect.
D) cohort effect.
E) birth effect.
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7. Why does classmate support contribute more strongly to adolescents' self-esteem than close-friend
support?
A) Because classmate support translates into better grades.
B) Because close friends come and go.
C) Because there are far more classmates than close friends.
D) Because classmates include both genders, whereas close friends are just one gender.
E) Because classmates are perceived as more objective sources of support.
8. What are two core ingredients in Erikson's theory of identity development?
A) secure and insecure exploration
B) crisis and commitment
C) personality and role experimentation
D) individuality and connectedness
E) intimacy and isolation
9. Some contemporary theorists believe that during adolescence, identity development is more
characterized by the search for balance between the two needs of autonomy and
A) independence.
B) conformity.
C) superiority.
D) commitment.
E) connectedness.
10. Which of the following is a criticism of Marcia's theory of identity statuses?
A) It is too research oriented.
B) It ignores individual differences.
C) There is questionable reliability of assessment.
D) It distorts and trivializes Erikson's ideas about crisis and commitment.
E) all of these
11. Marcia suggests three important aspects of adolescent identity formation: (a) confidence in parental
support, (b) a self-reflective perspective on the future, and (c)
A) flexibility.
B) social reciprocity.
C) intimacy.
D) a sense of industry.
E) high self-esteem.
12. If adolescents have strong mutuality and permeability, yet weak self-assertion and separateness, they
often have identity
A) diffusion.
B) moratorium.
C) achievement.
D) development.
E) foreclosure.
13. According to the text, most ethnic minority individuals consciously confront their ethnicity for the
first time in
A) early childhood.
B) middle childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) early adulthood.
E) middle adulthood.
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14. In African American and Latino adolescents fewer behavior problems and greater school
engagement has been found to be associated with
A) an easy temperament.
B) the personality traits of extraversion and openness.
C) all big five factors of personality.
D) a strong ethnic identity.
E) all of these
15. Neftali is in the internalization/commitment stage of Helms' ethnic identity development theory.
Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to exhibit?
A) anger at the White majority culture
B) preference for the White majority culture and dislike of his ethnic minority culture
C) total involvement in an Arab-American organization and rejection of the majority culture
D) guilt over his previous endorsement of the majority culture
E) involvement in civil rights groups to help combat discrimination
16. According to Orlofsky, in what style of intimate interactions does the individual show mixed
emotions about commitment, which is reflected in the strategy of offering love without obligation or
long-lasting bonds?
A) emotional style
B) pseudointimate style
C) stereotyped style
D) isolated style
E) preintimate style
17. Jake and Pat have been in a relationship for two years that is primarily sexual in nature, with little
depth or closeness. According to Orlofsky, what is their style of intimate interaction?
A) isolated style
B) emotional style
C) pseudointimate style
D) stereotyped style
E) preintimate style
18. Jordan is experiencing many emotional highs and lows. According to research, it is most likely that
Jordan is
A) a girl.
B) a boy.
C) in early adolescence.
D) in late adolescence.
E) an only child.
19. Researchers have found that from the 5th through 9th grades both girls and boys experience a
______________ decrease in the state of being "very happy."
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 90%
20. The temperament classification of negative affectivity is closely related to the personality traits of
A) introversion and conscientiousness.
B) irritability and slow-to-warm-up.
C) effortful control and neuroticism.
D) openness and irritability.
E) neuroticism and introversion.
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21. Question no longer used: Studies have found that mothers who are low in adaptability have more
conflict with sons when the sons are low in activity, but more conflict with daughters when the
daughters are high in activity. According to the text, why might this be?
A) Less adaptable mothers have conflict with their children, no matter how active the children
are.
B) Gender role stereotypes affect how the mothers interpret their children's behavior.
C) Highly active daughters are usually delinquent and inactive sons are usually drug addicted.
D) Mothers with low adaptability also tend to have high levels of neuroticism.
E) Highly active daughters and less active sons cause their mothers to develop low adaptability.
Discussion Questions:
1.
Describe the following two conceptual approaches to understanding the self, and give an
example from your own experience: looking glass self and similarity assumption.
2.
Identify and describe changes in the understanding of self during adolescence and
explain how self-understanding is influenced by sociocultural contexts.
3.
How do family, culture, ethnicity, and gender influence developmental changes in
identity formation during early and late adolescence?
Lectures 10 & 11:
1.
_______________________ is both an area within psychology involving cognitive development
and social phenomena, and a mediator between socialization experiences and social actions.
A. Cognitive disequilibrium
B. Cognitive psychology
C. Social psychology
D. Social cognition
E. None of the above.
2.
Which sense of self is viewed as our understanding of what other think of us—what they say
about us and act towards us.
A. The similarity assumption
B. The looking-glass self
C. I
D. Me
E. Mahler’s chicken in egg.
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
According to William James, a very important early self theorist, the “I” is the part of self that
is closely akin to the superego
is the target of reflection
is unconscious
is the doer and the knower
controls emotions
4.
In many Asian and Latino cultures, responses to the “Who am I?” test—which measures self
conception—contain many more _______ statements than in the US non-Latino white culture.
A. critical
B. relational
C. guilty
D. individualistic
E. none of the above
5.
The best estimate of the course of self-esteem across development, according to the lecture, is
that there is a(n) _________ in adolescence.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
6.
spiraling
increase
leveling off
drop
none of the above
The personal fable and imaginary audience are both examples of
A. components of self regulation
B. interpsychic events related to the development of the id
C. mental illness
D. egocentric thinking
E. none or all of the above
7.
Susan Harter demonstrated it in her work in self-esteem, but it is true in other domains of
psychology as well: As we age we increasingly become
A. Cranky
B. More intelligent
C. Splitters
D. Better spitters
E. Gloppers
8.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
As we age, our descriptions of others become increasingly
Concrete
Adhering
Repressive
Psychological
Spiritual
9. Elkinds concept of _____________ might help to explain why someone would say “I didn’t think a girl
like me could get pregnant,” when asked why she engaged in unprotected sex.
A. Imaginary audience
B. Personal fable
C. Pre-operational thought
D. Self-efficacy expectations
E. Oral personality
10. “The ability to assume another person’s perspective and understand his or her thoughts and feelings” is a
common definition of
A. social information processing
B. social cognition
C. social perspective taking
D. reflection
E. reciprocal determination
11. The psychologist whose name is most closely associated with the development of identity is
A. William James
B. Albert Bandura
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Erik Erickson
E. Susan Harter
12. Marcia’s operationalization of identity theory posited that ______________ and commitment were
critical components.
A. Moratorium
B. Diffusion
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C. Crisis
D. Achievement
E. Sex
13. The following comment is likely to have been uttered by someone is in the ___________ category of
identity resolution: “I've never really questioned my religion. If it's right for my parents, it must be right for
me.”
A. Moratorium
B. Diffusion
C. Crisis
D. Achievement
E. Foreclosure
14. According to Adams’ research on the four types of identity classification, the individuals who seem to be
in the best psychological shape are individuals who have either achieved there identity or are in
_________________.
A. Diffusion
B. Foreclosure
C. Moratorium
D. Denial
E. The depth of depression