LESSON 7
THE URINARY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The urinary system is responsible for the removal of wastes and harmful chemicals
from the body. Some wastes are removed from the body by fecal elimination
(exhalation gases) and others by sweating, but the filtering process of the kidneys
removes the large majority.
When foods are eaten they are broken down into carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and other small compounds and elements. The body will remove most
of these through the kidney’s filtering systems. Sometimes, like in diabetes, some
of the foods are inadequately broken down and the body will not remove them
well. When protein foods are broken down they form nitrogen compounds, which
are excreted by the kidneys as urea. This is an important part of the function of a
kidney because if they are not removed, they become very toxic causing damage
to tissue and severe pain, as in gout.
The kidney has the function of maintaining the correct amounts of the body’s
electrolytes, water, and other chemicals found in body fluids. These are important
in the equilibrium of the body’s chemistry.
The body’s electrolytes are
responsible for the correct functioning of nerve and muscle tissue. Water is
important in bathing of the cells, movement of substances throughout the body,
and the maintenance of body temperature. The secretion of chemicals into the
urine that maintain and exactly balance these in the body’s tissues controls the
amount of water and electrolytes.
The kidneys have one more important function, the secretion of hormones into the
bloodstream that react with the body to help provide for homeostasis. One of the
most important hormones secreted by the kidneys is renin, used in the control of
blood pressure. A second one is erythropoetin that regulates the production of red
blood cells. A third is vitamin D that reacts with the parathyroid hormones and
provides for correct calcium absorption. Finally, hormones like insulin are acted
upon and removed from the body by the kidney.
ANATOMY
The kidney is located behind both sides of the abdominal cavity. Each kidney is
about the same size as the heart or about the size of a closed fist. They each weigh
about 5 ounces. The kidney has an inner portion known as the medulla and an
outer layer known as the cortex. Extending from the kidney is the ureter. The
ureter is about 17 inches long and is responsible for the flow of urine from the
kidney to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac and
provides for the temporary storage of urine. At the base of the urinary bladder is a
triangular-shaped structure called the trigone. This is where the ureter enters the
urinary bladder and the urethra leaves the bladder.
The urethra is a second hollow tube removing urine from the urinary bladder to the
external opening called the urethral or urinary meatus. Women have very short 1½ inch urethras, whereas men have a much longer urethra, about 8 inches. The
male urethra passes through several structures like the prostate gland to the urinary
meatus at the end of the penis. In the male, the urethra is a common passageway
for sperm and urine.
KIDNEY FUNCTION
Coming off the aorta are the right and left renal arteries. These two large arteries
quickly branch into smaller arteries (anterioles), which, in turn, branch off into
millions of capillaries that surround the kidney tubule to form a small ball-like
structure called the glomerulus. Each kidney has about 1 million glomeruli that
form the basic filtering unit of the kidneys. Filtration of the blood begins as blood
passes through these small glomeruli. Each glomeruli has a membrane that allows
electrolytes, water, and other chemical wastes to filter through. The waste
materials are collected into a small cup-like structure called a Bowman’s capsule.
Generally the larger molecules, like proteins and red blood cells, remain in the
blood to be circulated over and over again. However, even these large proteins are
broken down as they lose their functional abilities. These large proteins are first
sent to the liver where they are reduced, broken down into small compounds, and
then sent through the blood stream to be eliminated by the filtering functions of
the kidney.
After leaving the Bowman’s capsule, the wastes enter a twisted tube called the
proximal renal tubule. It is in this tubule that the exact amounts of electrolytes,
and sugars, etc. are reabsorbed into a capillary bed that surrounds this area. The
other wastes stay in the proximal renal tubule and are eventually eliminated from
the body. After leaving the Bowman’s capsule and proximal renal tubule, the
renal tubule goes through a looped area called the loops of Henle where more
balancing of body fluids takes place, mostly made up from water, and finally goes
into the distal kidney tubule where hormones like renin cause the balance of blood
pressure throughout the body.
Ninety percent of the blood pressure balance control takes place in the distal
kidney tubule. The remaining 10 percent is a function of the respiratory system
that responds to our activities and heart rate. Therefore, there is only a small
variation in the blood pressure of most people. When the blood pressure does
become too high, it is called hypertension. Low blood pressure, on the other hand,
is called hypotension. Physicians to bring the blood pressure back into normal
ranges use medication that works on the distal kidney tubule’s abilities to release
or keep the water. These medications are called the diuretic and antidiuretic
drugs.
Finally, the kidney tubule goes into thousands of collecting ducts that join together
at the renal pelvis. Exiting the renal pelvis area is the tube called the ureter. The
ureter removes the fluids from the kidney to the urinary bladder. Going out from
the urinary bladder is a similar tube called the urethra that exits the body at the
urinary meatus.
FLOW-CHART OF URINARY SYSTEM
Aorta ----- renal arteries ----- renal arterioles ----- renal capillaries ----FILTERING
----- glomerulus ----- Bowman capsule ----- proximal kidney
tubule ----- FILTERING AND REMOVAL OF SOLIDS ---- loope of Henle---FILTERING ----- distal kidney tubule ---- FILTERING AND REMOVAL OF
FLUIDS ----- collecting tubules ----- renal pelvis ----- ureter ----- urinary bladder ---- urethra ----- urinary meatus ----- out of body
LESSON 7 GRAPHICS
TERMS FOR LESSON 7: THE URINARY SYSTEM
Organs to Know
kidneys
nephron
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
distal kidney tubule
proximal kidney tubule
loope of Henle
renal pelvis
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
urinary meatus
urine
medulla of the kidney
cortex of the kidney
Word Roots to Know:
albumin/o
azot/o
bacteri/o
cali/o
calic/o
cyst/o
dips/o
glomerul/o
glyc/o
glycos/o
hem/o
hemat/o
hydr/o
ket/o
keton/o
lith/o
meat/o
nephr/o
noct/o
olig/o
py/o
pyel/o
ren/o
son/o
tom/o
trachel/o
trigon/o
ureter/o
urethr/o
ur/o
urin/o
ven/o
vesic/o
Prefixes and Suffixes to Know: Urinary System
diaoligadysultrapoly-iasis
-esis
-lysis
-megaly
-orrhaphy
-ptosis
-tripsy
-trophy
-uria
-poietin
Diagnostic Terms to Know: Urinary System
cystitis
cystocele
cystolith
glomerulonephritis
hydronephrosis
nephritis
nephrohypertrophy
nephroma
nephromegaly
nephroptosis
pyelitis
pyelonephritis
trachelocystitis
uremia
ureteritis
ureterocele
ureterolithiasis
urethrostenosis
urethrocystitis
epispadias
hypospadias
polycystic kidney
renal calculi
renal hypertension
urinary retention
urinary suppression
Surgical Terms to Know: Urinary System
cystectomy
cystostomy
vesicotomy
cystolithotomy
cystorrhaphy
cystoplasty
cystotrachelotomy
lithotripsy
meatotomy
nephrectomy
nephrolysis
nephropexy
nephrotomy
pyeloplasty
pyelostomy
ureterectomy
ureterotomy
urethropexy
urethroplasty
urethrostomy
urethrotomy
Diagnostic Procedural Terms to Know: Urinary System
cystogram
cystography
cystopyelogram
cystopyelography
cystoscope
cystoscopy
cystoureterogram
cystourethrogram
intravenous pyelogram
meatoscope
meatoscopy
nephrosonography
nephrotomogram
pyelogram
renogram
retrograde pyelogram
urethrogram
urethrometer
urethroscope
urinometer
albuminuria
anuria
azoturia
diuresis
dysuria
glycosuria
hematuria
meatal
nocturia
oliguria
polyuria
pyuria
urinary
urologist
urology
catheter
urinary catheterization
distended
diuretic
fulguration
hemodialysis
incontinence
lithotrite
micturate
peritoneal dialysis
resectoscope
stricture
urinal
urinalysis
void
PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR LESSON 7:
URINARY SYSTEM
MATCHING
---- kidney
---- glomeruli
---- nephron
---- ureters
---- urinary bladder
---- urinary meatus
---- urethra
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
MATCHING
---- catheter
---- urinary catheterization
---- distended
---- diuretic
---- fulguration
---- hemodialysis
---- incontinent
MATCHING
---- lithotrite
---- micturate
---- peritoneal dialysis
---- resectoscope
---- stricture
---- urinal
---- urinalysis
stores urine
outside opening for urine
carries urine from kidney to bladder
capillaries where urine begins
carries urine from bladder to meatus
urine producing unit
organs to remove liquid waste
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
increased urine output
over development of kidney
inability to control urine
removing impurities
flexible tube to remove urine
stretched out
putting a tube into bladder
destruction of tissue
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
to void urine
receptable for urine
instrument to crush stone
lab test urine
instrument to remove prostate
absence of urine
dialysis into peritoneal cavity
narrowing
DEFINE:
glomerul/o
vesic/o
nephr/o
pyel/o
ureter/o
cyst/o
urethr/o
ren/o
meat/o
WRITE MEDICAL ROOT FOR:
kidney
bladder, sac
ureter
renal pelvis
glomerulus
urethra
meatus
DEFINE:
hydr/o
ven/o
azot/o
trachel/o
noct/i
lith/o
tom/o
albumin/o
urin/o
son/o
glyc/o
hem/o
olig/o
ur/o
glycos/o
hemat/o
DEFINE:
polydia-iasis
-esis
-lysis
-megaly
-orrhaphy
-ptosis
-tripsy
-trophy
-uria
DEFINE:
nephroma
cystolith
nephrolithiasis
uremia
nephroptosis
cystocele
nephrohypertrophy
trachelocystitis
cystitis
pyelitis
ureterocele
hydronephorosis
nephromegaly
ureterolithiasis
pyelonephritis
ureteritis
nephritis
urethrocystitis
urethrostenosis
vesicotomy
nephrotomy
nephrolysis
cystectomy
ureterotomy
pyelolithotomy
cystotrachelotomy
nephropexy
ureterostomy
cystolithectomy
nephrectomy
pyelostomy
urethropexy
ureterectomy
cystostomy
pyeloplasty
cystorrhaphy
urethrostomy
cystoplasty
ureterotomy
meatotomy
lithotripsy
cystotomy
urethroplasty
DEFINE:
urethrometer
cystourethrogram
meatoscope
cystopyelogram
cystography
urethroscope
nephrosonography
cystoscope
pyelogram
nephrotomogram
cystogram
cystoureterogram
meatoscopy
nephrogram
urethrogram
cystoscopy
nephrography
urinometer
intravenous pyelogram
retrograde pyelogram
cystopyelography
renogram
DEFINE:
nocturia
urologist
oliguria
azoturia
hematuria
urology
polyuria
albuminuria
anuria
diuresis
pyuria
urinary
glycosuria
meatal
dysuria
ASSIGNMENT FOR LESSON 7
Medical Terminology, HS 280
The Urinary System
MATCHING
---- 1
kidneys
---- 2
glomerulus
---- 3
nephron
---- 4
ureters
---- 5
urethra
---- 6
urinary bladder
---- 7
urinary meatus
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
stores urine
outside opening for urine
kidney’s urine-producing unit
organ that removes waste
cluster of capillaries around nephron
tube from bladder to meatus
tube from kidney to bladder
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
sugar
vein
night
nitrogen
developing cell
loosening dissolve
to cut
water
development
stone
DEFINE:
8
glomerul:
9
renal pelvis:
10
nephron:
11
olig/o:
12
glycos/o:
13
albumin/o:
14
lith/o:
15
son/o:
MATCHING:
-------------------------------
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
azot/o
glyc/o
tom/o
ven/o
noct/i
lith/o
hydr/o
blast/o
-lysis
-trophy
MATCHING:
---- 26
---- 27
---- 28
---- 29
---- 30
meatus
---- 31
---- 32
---- 33
---- 34
---- 35
cystitis
cystolith
uremia
ureterolithiasis
pyelitis
a
b
c
d
e
stone in tube between kidney and bladder
inflammation of collecting area
kidney that has moved out of place
bladder infection
narrowing of tube from bladder to
nephroptosis
urethrostenosis
nephroma
hydronephrosis
nephrohypertrophy
f
g
h
i
j
growth in kidney
kidney stone
enlarged kidney
blood in urine
water collected in kidney area
LESSON 8
MALE & FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
The male sex cell, the spermatozoa sperm cell, is microscopic in size. It is about
one third the size of a body cell and many times smaller than the ovum of the
female. It is composed of an anterior portion, which contains hereditary material
called chromosomes, and a posterior portion consisting of a flagellum that makes
the sperm motile. The sperm cell contains little nutrients and cytoplasm and lives
just long enough to travel from the male’s ejaculatory duct to the upper one third
of the female’s fallopian tubes where the egg cell has been deposited. Only one
sperm cell out of as many as 300 million sperm cells can enter a single ovum to
cause fertilization.
When more than one egg is released (which is often the case when using fertility
drugs), and passes down the uterine tube, if sperm is present, then multiple
fertilizations are possible and twins, triplets, quadruplets, and so forth may occur.
Twins resulting from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells are
called fraternal twins. Fraternal twins developing in utero with separate placentas,
can be of the same sex or different sexes and resemble each other the same as
ordinary brothers and sisters. Fraternal twinning is more common in the daughters
of mothers of twins.
Identical twins result from the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm.
As the fertilized egg cell divides to form many cells, it splits into two separate
embryos and each part continues further division. Depending on when the embryo
splits, the fetuses may share the same gestational sac as well as the same placenta.
Identical twins have very similar features and are always of the same sex.
The male reproductive system is designed to produce and release billions of
spermatozoa throughout the lifetime of a male. The male reproductive system
secretes a hormone called testosterone (suffix -one = hormone). Testosterone is
responsible for the production of the characteristics of the male, such as a beard, a
deeper voice, and for the development of the accessory organs which are the
prostate gland and seminal vesicles, responsible for the secretion of fluids for
lubrication and nutrition of sperm. Testosterone is the hormone responsible for
the male’s sex drive as well as the aggressive behaviors seen in most men.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND ANATOMY
The male gonads consist of a pair of testes, called testicles, that develop in the
abdomen and move before birth into the scrotum, a sac enclosing the testes on the
outside of the body.
The scrotum, lying between the thighs, exposes the testes to a lower temperature
than the rest of the body. This lower temperature is important for the adequate
maturation of the sperm. Lying between the anus and the scrotum, at the floor of
the pelvic cavity in the male, is the perineum, which is the same as the perineal
region of the female.
The interior of a testis is composed of a large mass of coiled tubules, called the
seminiferous tubules. These tubules contain the cells that manufacture the
spermatozoa. The seminiferous tubules perform the essential work of the organ,
which is the formation of sperm. Other cells in the testis manufacture the
important male hormones called testosterone.
All body organs contain parenchyma cells or tissue, which perform the essential
functions of the organ. Organs contain supportive, connective, and framework
tissue such as blood vessels, connective tissues, and sometimes muscle as well.
This supportive tissue is called stroma or stromal tissue.
As soon as the sperm cells are formed, they move through the seminiferous
tubules and into ducts that lead to a large tube in the outer superior area of each
testis. This area is called epididymis. The spermatozoa mature and become
motile in the epididymis and for a short time are stored there. The epididymis runs
down the full length of the testicle and then turns upward again and leads to a
narrow straight tube called the vas deferens. The vas deferens is about 2 feet long
and carries the sperm up into the pelvic region near the urinary bladder. At this
point it merges with ducts from the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory ducts,
which extend toward the urethra. The vas deferens is cut or tied off when a
sterilization procedure is performed. This procedure is called a vasectomy.
The seminal vesicles, two glands located at the base of the bladder, open into the
ejaculatory duct as it joins the urethra. They secrete a thick sugary, yellowish
substance that nourishes the sperm cells and forms much of the volume of
ejaculated semen. Semen is a combination of fluid and spermatozoa that is ejected
from the body through the urethra. Sperm cells are only about one percent of the
ejaculate volume. In the male, from this point, the urethra and ejaculation tube are
the same.
Where the vas deferens enters the urethra, there is a gland that almost circles the
upper end of the urethra. This is the prostate gland. The prostate gland produces a
thick fluid that becomes a part of semen and aids the motility of the sperm. This
gland has muscular tissue that helps in the expulsion of sperm during ejaculation.
The Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands) are located just below the prostate
gland and secrete additional fluid into the urethra.
The urethra passes through the penis to the urinary meatus and out of the body.
The penis is composed of erectile tissue and at its tip is a highly sensitive area
called the glans penis. There is normally a fold of skin, called the foreskin
(prepuce) that covers the glans penis. Circumcision is the procedure where the
foreskin is removed, leaving the glans penis uncovered at all times.
During sexual activity the penis becomes engulfed with blood and hardens. This
hardening of the penis is called an erection. The brain determines when climax
occurs in the male by sending a signal to the ejaculatory duct. At male sexual
climax, the sperm is ejaculated from the urethra.
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND ANATOMY
The female sex gonads are the ovaries. The ovaries release an ovum once a month
at ovulation. The maturation and the release of the ovum from the ovaries are
under the control of the Follicle Stimulating Hormone, FSH. After being expelled
from the ovary, the ovum moves to the uterus by way of the fallopian tubes. After
sexual relations, the egg may combine with the male sperm in the upper 1/3 of this
tube. The union of the sperm and ovum is called fertilization. The fertilized egg
then proceeds to the uterus where it becomes implanted in the uterine wall or
endometrium. The release of the egg or ova begins at puberty and continues until
menopause stops the release of the egg. At birth, women have all the eggs they
will ever have, in their ovaries.
When the egg is not fertilized, a hormonal change occurs on or about the 28th day
of the female cycle when the endometrium sloughs in what is called menstruation
or a period. If the cycle is shorter or longer than 28 days, it is considered not to be
important to the health of the woman.
The two main hormones of the female are released upon ovulation from the ovary.
These are estrogen and progesterone. They play a key role in the development of
secondary sex characteristics and in the female reproductive cycle. There are
numerous other hormones in the female system; some appear only when a
pregnancy has occurred. Others, like prolactin, are responsible for milk
production. There will be more about female hormones in the endocrine lesson.
The female anatomy begins at the outside opening into the vaginal area. The
external genitalia are a collection of several different structures, which together are
called the vulva. The outer lip-like structure is called the labia majora and the
small inside lip is called the labia minora. A mucous membrane normally covers
the opening into the vagina, called the hymen. The small penis-like structure,
superior to the vaginal opening, is called the clitoris. Posterior to the vaginal
opening are the two Bartholin’s glands. The vagina is about 3 inches long and
leads to the lowest part of the uterus or cervix.
The uterus is a pear-shaped structure with several layers. The most inside layer of
the uterus is muscular and is called the myometrium. The outer layer is called the
perimetrium and is made of membranous tissue. The middle of the uterus is called
the corpus or body. The upper region is known as the fundus. Extending from the
fundus are two horn-looking structures called the fallopian tubes or uterine tubes.
Each extends out from the uterus for about 5 ½ inches. The fallopian tubes are
both supported by ligaments called the adnexa, extending from the outside wall of
the uterus.
Once the egg has been released from the ovary there are finger-like projections off
the tips of the fallopian tube that draw the egg into the fallopian tube. The
fallopian tube has small cilia that move the egg further into the tube. Pregnancy
normally takes place while the egg is in the upward one third of the fallopian tube.
Generally it takes about five days for the egg to pass into the uterus and be
implanted in its wall. Unfertilized eggs will dissolve in one to two days after
ovulation.
ACCESSORY ORGANS
The female begins to develop breast tissue at about the age of 10 to 12 years old
called menarche. The two breasts are located in the superoposterior of the anterior
thoracic area of the body. The glandular tissue or mammary glands develop when
the hormone prolactin is released. These two accessory organs contain fat tissue
and fibrous connective tissue. The breast tissue in women is especially prone to
storing excessive fat tissue. The storage of fat in the breasts becomes important to
provide stored energy for milk production during times of breast-feeding.
During the last days of a pregnancy and especially right after the birth of a baby,
the hormone levels will increase causing the mammary glands to begin to produce
milk. This milk is collected by lactiferous ducts and carried to mammary sinuses
that store and carry the milk to the mammary papilla or nipple. Surrounding the
nipples of the breast are dark pigmented areas called areola. The entire process is
called lactation.
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The beginning menstrual cycle is called menarche. This begins with the release of
powerful hormones from the anteroposterior of the pituitary gland. The average
menstrual cycle is 28 days long, however, shorter or longer cycles are not
uncommon. It is true that some women may even miss one, two or more
menstrual cycles. Missing cycles is not necessarily bad or harmful except when
trying to achieve a pregnancy.
The menstrual cycle is divided into four segments:
Days 1-5
Menstrual flow. The endometrial cells and secretions disintegrate
and slough off creating a discharge of bloody fluid through the
vagina.
Days 6-12
The anterior posterior of the pituitary gland releases into the blood
stream, the follicle-stimulating hormone, which, upon arrival at the
ovaries, causes the graafian follicle located inside the ovaries to go
through a maturation process into an ovum or egg.
The developing Graafian follicle releases a powerful hormone called
estrogen, which in turn causes the ovum to be ejected from the
Graafian follicle and the build-up of the endometrium.
Days 13-15 On or about the 14th day of the menstrual cycle the ovum ruptures
from the graafian follicle and is ejected, like a volcanic eruption,
from the ovary. Estrogen levels increase causing endometrial tissue
build-up. The anterior pituitary will release two more hormones: the
lutenizing hormone (LH) and the lutotrophic hormone (LTH)
causing more endometrial tissue build-up. A fourth hormone,
progesterone, is released which aids in endometrial tissue build-up.
Days 16-28 The graaphian follicle is now an open gland called the corpus luteum
and releases more estrogen and progesterone into the blood stream.
These hormones, along with LH and LTH, stimulate the uterine
lining to prepare for the implantation of the ovum.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum heals over, the
production of estrogen and progesterone slows, and the egg
disintegrates. The slowing down and sometimes stoppage of these
hormones causes a collection of symptoms known as premenstrual
syndrome or PMS. PMS symptoms are depression, irritability and
breast tenderness. PMS starts on or about the 23rd day of the cycle
and ends with the beginning of a new cycle and menorrhea or blood
flow from the vagina.
PREGNANCY
When the ovum and the sperm do unite the egg does not disintegrate but
progresses into the uterus and implants in the uterine wall. Normally the egg
implants in the superior portion of the uterus’s endometrium. The corpus luteum
continues to produce estrogen and progesterone and the two pituitary hormones
continue to produce LH and LTH for about the first three months of pregnancy.
After this, the placenta or enlarged endometrium with the implanted egg, takes
over the production of estrogen and progesterone. The time when the ovary’s
corpus luteum stops producing estrogen and progesterone and the beginning of the
placenta producing these two hormones is called the cross-over network.
The placenta starts out with a small amount of tissue but quickly grows because of
its vascular nature or blood supply. The chorion or outer layer of the embryo
connects to the endometrium and becomes the tissue material of the placenta. The
amnion or inner layer of the developing embryo becomes the amniotic sac
enclosing the amniotic fluid and
holds the fetus. This sac and its fluid contents will break and signals the beginning
of labor called water breaking.
The developing fetus is protected while suspended in the amniotic fluid. An
umbilical cord extends from the placenta into the amniotic sac and attaches at the
middle of the abdominal region of the fetus. Maternal blood comes into the outer
surface of the placenta dropping off oxygen and other nutrients. The baby’s blood
comes into the inner surface, collects oxygen and nutrients, and carries it back into
the fetus. In this way, the mother’s blood and infant’s blood never mix. The
wastes from the baby are exchanged in a similar manner.
A pregnancy or gestational period for humans is normally about 266 days from the
moment of fertilization. This is calculated by determining the day, when the last
period started and subtracting 14 days from 280 days, because the pregnancy
normally occurs near ovulation, which is usually on or about the 14th day of the
female cycle.
After delivery of the baby, the placenta separates from the endometrium and is
expelled. This expelled tissue is called the afterbirth. The placenta produces its
own hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). It is the presence of
HCG in the blood stream that pregnancy tests detect. HCG stimulates the ovary’s
corpus luteum to continue its production of estrogen and progesterone as well as
stimulates the placenta to take over estrogen and progesterone after three months.
Progesterone is very important in maintaining the development of the placenta and
its attachment to the uterus. When progesterone levels fall low, spotting during
pregnancy occurs. Very low levels of progesterone will cause a spontaneous
abortion or miscarriage in pregnant women and menstrual irregularities in women
who are not pregnant.
MENOPAUSE
Estrogen levels begin to decline at the beginning of menopause. Many women
will experience hot flashes and vaginal drying accompanied by a breakdown of the
vaginal lining. This, in turn, may result in sexual activity discomfort. Many
physicians will prescribe estrogen replacement during this time. However,
estrogen replacement has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer
and other problems. The most current drug study points to the fact that the
benefits are out weighed by the risks associated with estrogen hormone therapy.
Many women in this study were removed from estrogen hormone therapy to
protect their health.
LESSON 8 GRAPHICS
TERMS FOR LESSON 8:
MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
Organ Terms to Know:
testis
testicle
scrotum
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
vas deferens of ductus deferens
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
spermatic cord
penis
glans penis
prepuce or foreskin
Word Roots to Know: Male Reproductive
balan/o
epidedym/o
orchid/o
orch/o
test/o
prostat/o
vas/o
vesicul/o
andr/o
celi/o
sperm/o
spermat/o
Prefix and Suffix to Know: Male Reproductive
trans-ism
Diagnostic Terms to Know: Male Reproductive
balanitis
balanocele
balanorrhea
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
cryptorchidism
epididymitis
orchiepididymitis
orchitis
orchiditis
testitis
prostatitis
prostatolith
prostatorrhea
prostatovesiculitis
hydrocele
impotent
phimosis
varicocele
testicular carcinoma
andropathy
aspermia
oligospermia
spermatolysis
coitus
ejaculation
genitalia
gonads
genital herpes
gonorrhea
heterosexual
homosexual
orgasm
sexually transmitted disease (STD)
sterilization
syphilis
venereal disease
Surgical Terms to Know: Male Reproductive
balanoplasty
epididymectomy
orchidocelioplasty
orchidectomy
orchiectomy
orchidopexy
orchidotomy
prostatectomy
prostatocystotomy
prostatovesiculectomy
transurethral resection
vasectomy
vasovasostomy
vesiculectomy
circumcision
perineal prostatectomy
suprapubic prostatectomy
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Organs to Know: Female Reproductive
ovaries
ovum
graafian follicles
fallopian tube
fimbria
uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
corpus or body
fundus
cervix
vagina
humen
rectouterine pouch
Glands to Know: Female Reproductive
Bartholin’s glands
mammary glands
mammary papilla
areola
External Structures to Know: Female Reproductive
vulva or external genitals
clitoris
perineum
Word Roots to Know: Female Reproductive
arche/o
cervic/o
colp/o
vagin/o
culd/o
episi/o
vulv/o
gynec/o
hymen/o
hyster/o
metr/o
uter/o
mamm/o
mast/o
men/o
oophor/o
perine/o
salping/o
Prefix and Suffixes to Know: Female Reproductive
peri-ial
-salpinx
Diagnostic Terms to Know: Female Reproductive
amenorrhea
Bartholin’s adenitis
cervicitis
colpitis
dysmenorrhea
endocervicitis
endometritis
hematosalpinx
hydrosalpinx
mastitis
menometrorrhagia
metrorrhea
myometritis
oophoritis
perimetritis
salpingitis
salpingocele
vulvovaginitis
endometriosis
fibroid tumor
pelvic inflammatory disease
prolapsed uterus
vesicovaginal fistula
Surgical Terms to Know: Female Reproductive
cervicectomy
colporrhaphy
colpoperineorrhaphy
colpoplasty
episioperineoplasty
episiorrhaphy
hymenectomy
hymennotomy
hysterectomy
hysteropexy
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
mammoplasty
mastectomy
oophorectomy
oophorosalpingectomy
perineorrhaphy
salpingostomy
salpingectomy
vulvectomy
anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (A&P) repair
dilation and curettage (D&C)
laparoscopy
tubal ligation
Diagnostic Procedural Terms to Know: Female Reproductive
colposcope
colposcopy
culdocentesis
culdoscope
culdoscopy
dyspareunia
fistula
hysterosalpingogram
hysteroscopy
mammogram
copalgia
gynecologist
gynecology
leukorrhea
mastalgia
menarche
menopause
oligomenorrhea
vulvovaginal
PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR LESSON 8:
MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
MATCHING
---- epididymis
---- glans penis
---- penis
---- prepuce or foreskin
---- prostate gland
---- scrotum
---- semen
---- seminal vesicles
---- seminiferous tubules
---- spermatic cord
---- testes
---- vas deferens
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
sac holding testes
where sperm originates
tube to carry sperm to vas deferens
duct to urethra
copulation organ
encircles upper end of urethra
main male sex organs
large tip at end of male organ
fold of skin on penis
sperm and other secretions
suspends testes in scrotum
adds nourishment to the semen
DEFINE:
test/o
vas/o
balan/o
prostat/o
orch/o
vesicul/o
orchi/o
epididym/o
orchid/o
WRITE THE MEDICAL WORD ROOT FOR EACH:
vessel, duct
prostate gland
glans penis
seminal vesicles
epididymis
testicle
testes
DEFINE:
sperm/o
andr/o
celi/o
spermat/o
-ism
transDEFINE:
prostatolith
balanitis
orchitis
orchiditis
testitis
prostateovesiculitis
prostatocystitis
orchiepididymitis
prostatorrhea
epididymitis
benign prostatic hypertrophy
balanocele
cryptorchidism
balanorrhea
prostatitis
DEFINE:
vasectomy
prostatocystotomy
orchidotomy
epididymedtomy
orchidopexy
prostateovesiculectomy
orchidocelioplasty
vesiculectomy
prostatectomy
balanoplasty
transurethral resection
vasovasostomy
orchidectomy
prostatolithotomy
DEFINE:
circumcision
perineal prostatectomy
suprapubic prostatectomy
oligospermia
andropathy
spermatolysis
aspermia
venereal disease
orgasm
gonorrhea
homosexual
coitus
genital herpes
heterosexual
syphilis
ejactulation
gonads
STD
genitalia
sterilization
DEFINE:
autophagia
broncholithiasis
necrospermia
paracystitis
pathosis
polyhydruria
trachelomyitis
viscerogenic
DEFINE:
vagin/o
oophor/o
metr/o
metr/o
uter/o
hymen/o
hyster/o
men/o
episi/o
cervic/o
colp/o
gynec/o
mamm/o
perine/o
perine/o
salping/o
vulv/o
mast/o
arche/o
culd/o
MATCHING
---- sex cells formed
---- lower part uterus
---- lining of uterus
---- upper part of uterus
---- pelvic floor
---- fallopian tube end
---- large central uterus
---- covers uterus
---- muscle layer of the uterus
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
perimetrium
fundus
ovaries
perineum
fimbria
cervix
endometrium
corpus
myometrium
ovum
WRITE COMBINING FORM OF MEDICAL ROOT
vulva
breast
menstruation
ovary
fallopian tube
perineum
vagina
uterus
women
hymen
cul-de-sac
cervic
beginning
DEFINE:
peri-ial
-salpinx
colpitis
cervicitis
hydrosalpinx
hematosalpinx
metrorrhea
oophoritis
Bartholin’s adenitis
vulvovaginitis
salpingocele
menometrorrhagia
amenorrhea
cervicitis
dysmenorrhea
mastitis
perimetritis
myometritis
endometritis
endocervicitis
DEFINE:
prolapsed uterus
pelvic inflammatory disease
vesicovaginal fistula
endometriosis
colporrhaphy
colpoplasty
episiorrhaphy
hymenotomy
vulvectomy
perineorrhaphy
salpingostomy
oophorosalpingectomy
oophorectomy
mastectomy
salpingectomy
cervicectomy
colpoperineorrhaphy
episioperineoplasty
hymenotomy
hysterosalpingo
oophorectomy
hysterectomy
mammoplasty
DEFINE:
colposcopy
mammogram
colposcope
hysteroscopy
hysterosalpingogram
culdoscope
culdoscopy
culdocentesis
hynecologist
gynecology
colpalgia
vulvovaginal
mastalgia
menarche
leukorrhea
oligomenorrhea
tubal ligation
laparoscopy
dilatation and curettage
anterior and posterior colporrhaphy
dyspareunia
fistula
menopause
ASSIGNMENT FOR LESSON 8
Medical Terminology, HS 280 Male and Female Reproductive Systems
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MATCHING
---- 1
organ in which sex cells are formed
---- 2
lower portion of uterus
---- 3
lining of uterus
---- 4
upper portion of uterus
---- 5
pelvis floor
---- 6
ends of fallopian tubes
---- 7
large central portion of uterus
---- 8
egg
---9
layer covering uterus
---10
muscle layer of uterus
MATCHING: May Be Used More Than Once
---- 11
arche/o
a
uterus
---- 12
cervic/o
b
women
---- 13
colp/o
c
breast
---- 14
culd/o
d
menstruation
---- 15
gynec/o
e
ovary
---- 16
hyster/o
f
fallopian tube
---- 17
metr/o
g
cul-de-sac
---- 18
uter/o
h
vagina
---- 19
mamm/o
i
cervix
---- 20
mast/o
j
beginning
---- 21
men/o
k
large area
---- 22
oophor/o
---- 23
salping/o
DEFINE:
24
colpoplasty:
25
mammoplasty:
26
mastectomy:
27
D & C:
28
tubal ligation:
29
hysteroscopy
30
mammogram
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
perimetrium
fundus
ovaries
perineum
fimbria
cervix
endometrium
corpus
myometrium
ovum
Assignment for Lesson 8, Reproductive, pg. 2
MATCHING:
--------------------------------
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
----
41
amenorrhea
colpitis
dysmenorrhea
hematosalpinx
mastitis
menometrorrhagia
oophoritis
vulvovaginitih
endometriosis
pelvic inflammatory
disease
prolapsed uterus
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
no menstrual flow
inflamed vagina
blood in fallopian tube
inflammation of breast
difficult menstrual flow
inflamed ovary
excesive uterine bleeding
inflamed vulva and vagina
PID
tumors in the uterus tissue
new opening into uterus
uterus fallen downward
ejaculation
epididymis
a
b
the tip of the penis
the male sex glands called the
gonad
c
process of expelling semen from
glans penis
d
a tightly coiled tubule, resembling
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MATCHING:
---- 42
---- 43
testes
---- 44
urethra
---- 45
a
---- 46
until they
---- 47
---- 48
urethra and
---- 49
into the
prostatectomy
comma, that houses the sperm
malodorous
palpation
e
prostate gland
mature
a gland that surround base of
secretes milky colored secretion
urethra during eja
f
g
h
removal of prostate gland
foul smelling: having a bad odor
technique during physical exam
which
involves feeling body parts with
hands
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Male Reproductive
50
a
b
c
d
The absence of one or both testicles is known as:
anorchism
balanitis
cryptorchidism
testiculitis
Assignment for Lesson 8, Reproductive, pg. 3
51
Inflammation of the glans penis and the mucous membrane beneath it is
known as:
a
anorchism
b
balanitis
c
cryptorchidism
d
testiculitis
52
A condition of undescended testicle(s) is known as:
a
anorchism
b
balanitis
c
cryptorchidism
d
testiculitis
53
and
A protrusion of part of the intestine through a weakened spot in the muscles
membranes of the inguinal region of the abdomen is known as a(n):
a
inguinal hernia
b
umbilical hernia
c
inguinal fistula
d
lumbosacral hernia
54
The surgical removal of the prostate gland by making an incision into the
abdominal wall, just above the pubis, is known as:
a
retrograde pyelogram
b
transurethral prostatectomy
c
laparoscopy
d
suprapubic prostatectomy
55
The medical term for a male sterilization is a:
a
vasectomy
b
epididymectomy
c
orchiopexy
d
balanectomy
56
Surgical removal of the glans penis is called a(n):
a
orchiectomy
b
laparoscopy
c
balanoplasty
d
cryosurgery
Assignment for Lesson 8, Reproductive, pg. 4
57
The area between the scrotum and the anus in the male is known as the:
a
perineum
b
prepuce
c
peritoneum
d
sigmoid colon
DEFINE:
58
amenorrhea:
59
colpitis:
60
mastitis:
61
metrorrhea:
62
oophoritis:
63
endometrosis:
64
fibroid tumor:
65
cryptorchidism:
66
prostatitis:
67
hydrocele:
68
impotent:
69
aspermia:
70
oligospermia:
71
gonorrhea:
72
heterosexual:
73
sterilization:
74
syphilis:
75
venereal disease
76
epididymectomy:
77
orchidopexy:
78
orchidotomy:
79
vasectomy: