1. All of the following are part of the first line of defense of the immune
system EXCEPT
(A) leukocytes
(B) skin
(C) stomach acid
(D) cilia
(E) mucus
2. Which of the following are true of the second line of defense EXCEPT
(A) increased production of histamine
(B) sneezing, redness, and itchy and runny nose and eyes
(C) inflammatory response
(D) stomach acid
(E) phagocytes
3. All of the following are correct about the immune system EXCEPT
(A) the first line of defense is nonspecific
(B) the second line of defense is nonspecific
(C) release of histamine is responsible for the inflammatory response
(D) macrophages engulf huge numbers of microbes
(E) T lymphocytes release antibodies
4. Which of the following is NOT part of the lymphatic system?
(A) Tonsils
(B) Spleen
(C) Liver
(D) Adenoids
(E) Lymph nodes
5. Which of the following is true about histamine?
(A) It is part of the body’s first line of defense.
(B) It kills germs by dissolving them.
(C) It is a toxin released by microbes or germs.
(D) It causes sneezing and a runny nose in an attempt to rid the body
of germs.
(E) It is part of the body’s specific immune response.
Ouestions 6—10
Refer to terms below.
(A) T lymphocytes
(B) B lymphocytes
(C) Macrophages
(D) Antibodies
(E) Histamine
6. Produce antibodies
7. Fight pathogens by hand-to-hand combat
8. Neutralize specific antigens
9. Use pseudopods to engulf large numbers of germs
10. Attacks and kills infected body cells
11. Certain danger in a blood transfusion comes when the
(A) recipient has antigens to the donor blood
(B) recipient has antibodies to the donor blood
(C) donor has antibodies to the recipient’s blood
(D) donor has antigens to the recipient’s antigens
(E) donor’s blood contains gamma globulin
12. A person with blood type A has
(A) A antibodies circulating in the plasma
(B) A antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
(C) B antibodies on the surface of the red blood cells
(D) A antigens circulating in the plasma
(E) 0 antibodies circulating in the plasma
13. A person with AB blood type has
(A) both A and B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
(B) both A and B antigens circulating in the plasma
(C) 0 antigens circulating in the plasma
(D) no antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
(E) no antibodies on the surface of the red blood cells
14. Which is an example of passive immunity?
(A) It is lifelong.
(B) Babies who are nursing receive antibodies from their mothers.
(C) You become resistant to a viral infection once you have recovered
from it.
(D) You become resistant to mumps after receiving the mumps vaccine.
(E) People who have AdDS have antibodies against the virus but are still
gravely ill.
15. Which of the following is CORRECT about the immune system?
(A) Vaccines can cure certain common viral infections.
(B) Allergies can be cured by antibiotics.
(C) Multiple sclerosis is caused by an allergy.
(D) Arthritis is an autoimmune disease.
(E) Antibiotics can prevent many diseases.
16. All of the following are autoimmune diseases EXCEPT
(A) arthritis
(B) lupus
(C) multiple sclerosis
(D) AIDS
(E) juvenile diabetes
17. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in
(A) macrophages
(B) T lymphocytes
(C) B lymphocytes
(D) HIV virus
(E) antibodies
18. Antibodies are
(A) responsible for raising body temperature when you are ill
(B) memory cells
(C) plasma cells
(D) specific
(E) part of the first line of defense
19. Which is true about plasma cells?
(A) When activated, they turn into memory cells.
(B) They offer permanent resistance to disease.
(C) They are produced from activated T cells; whereas memory cells
are produced by activated B cells.
(D) They fight antigens and die in battle.
(E) They are found only in people who are infected with the
AIDS virus.
20. Vasodilation
(A) is triggered by histamine
(B) means engulfing antigens
(C) is caused by interferons
(D) is part of an immunoglobin
(E) is an important part of the specific immune response
EXPLANATION OF ANSWERS
1. (A) The first line of defense includes skin, stomach acid, mucous membranes that secrete mucus to trap
germs, and cilia that sweep germs out of the body. Leukocytes are white blood cells, which are part of the
second line of defense. All of the choices, however, are the immune system’s nonspecific strategies.
2. (D) Stomach acid is a way of preventing germs from getting into the body. It is part of the first line of
defense. The other choices are all part of the second line of defense. All choices are part of the immune
system’s nonspecific strategies.
3. (E) T lymphocytes are part of the cell-mediated response. It is the B lymphocytes that release
antibodies as part of what is called the humoral response.
4. (C) The liver has many functions, including recycling of red blood cells, detoxification of poisons, and
production of lipids, including cholesterol. However, it is not part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic
system consists of vessels and nodes and is a separate system in the body. ‘White blood cells proliferate
in lymph nodes, which is why your glands (lymph nodes) swe. when you are fighting an infection.
5. (D) Histamine is part of the body’s nonspecific and second line of defense. I is part of the inflammatory
response, a means of increasing blood supply
increase the presence of nutrients and blood cells to help fight disease. It ca sneezing and coughing in an
attempt to rid the body of invaders.
6. (B) B lymphocytes respond to infection by producing antibodies at an ing rate.
7. (A) T lymphocytes kill our own body cells that have been infected wi viruses, or other pathogens by
attacking them directly.
8. (D) Antibodies neutralize antigens.
9. (C) Macrophages (“giant eaters”) extend pseudopods and engulf huge num bers of microbes
nonspecifically over a long period of time. They are an impor tant part of the second line of defense.
10. (A) T lymphocytes kill our own body cells that have been infected viruses, or other pathogens by
attacking them directly.
11. (B) Certain danger in a blood transfusion comes when the recipient has anti bodies to the donor’s
blood. Transfusion reactions can be mild or severe an fatal. Type 0 blood is the universal donor (in
theory) because it has no anti gens on the surface of its red blood cells. Likewise, type AB blood is the uni
versal recipient (in theory) because it has no antibodies circulating in
pla sma. However, doing a blood transfusion is not theoretical, and a crc match must be done first to
determine the compatibility of the blood.
12. (8) ABO antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells. A and B antibodies circulate in the plasma. There
are no 0 antigens or antibodies. 0 is like zero; it means none.
13. (A) A person with AB blood has both A and B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. This is an example
of codominance, where both genes and traits are expressed. ABO antigens are found on the surface of red blood
cells. A and B antibodies circulate in the plasma. There are no 0 antigens or antibodies. 0 is like zero; it means none.
14. (B) Passive immunity is borrowed immunity. Someone else makes the antibodies. It is temporary. The first milk
that a newborn receives from the mother is called colostrum and is 100 percent antibodies. Choice (A) is a
characteristic of active immunity. Choices (C) and (D) are examples of active immunity. About choice (E): people
who have AIDS do produce antibodies against the HIV virus, and that is an example of active immunity.
Unfortunately, the antibodies are ineffective against the disease.
15. (D) Multiple sclerosis, lupus, juvenile diabetes, and arthritis are all autoimmune diseases. They are caused by an
error in the immune system. The immune system attacks and kills the body’s cells. In the case of multiple sclerosis,
the immune system attacks and kills neurons in the central nervous system. Vaccines can prevent viral infections,
such as colds, flu, and polio. Antibiotics do not prevent disease; they can cure bacterial infections such as
strep throat.
16. (D) AIDS is caused by the HIV virus. All the rest are autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases are caused by
an error in the immune system; The
immune system attacks and kilis the body’s cells. In the case of multiple sclerosis, the immune system attacks and
kills neurons in the brain.
17. (D) The virus that causes AIDS, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), mainly attacks helper T cells. HIV is a
retrovirus. Once inside a cell, it reverse transcribes itself. That means that the viral RNA uses reverse transcriptase
to
transcribe in reverse and make DNA. The host cell then integrates this newly formed DNA into its own genome. It
remains as a provirus in the host nucleus, directing the production of new viruses.
18. (D) Antibodies are specific. For every antigen, there exists a specific antibody. They are part of the third line of
defense—the specific immune response.
19. (D) Plasma cells fight antigens immediately in what is called the primary immune response. They do not live
long because they die in battle. Memory cells survive a lifetime and offer permanent resistance to disease. Both B
cells
and T cells proliferate, when triggered, into plasma and memory cells. Statement (E) is a false statement.
20. (A) Histamine triggers vasodilation (enlargement of blood vessels), which increases blood supply to the area,
bringing more phagocyzes to gobble up germs. It is part of the second line of defense and is nonspecific. Interferons
are chemicals released by the immune system that block against viral infections. Immunoglobins are antibodies.