Earth and Space Science Chapter 3 Guided Notes
1. ________ – any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet
a) Usually solid mixtures of minerals
b) Some composed of just one mineral
c) Each mineral retains its ___________ in mixture
2. The Rock Cycle
a) Three Major Types
i) __________
ii) _______________
iii) _______________
b) Interactions among three things cause rocks to change from one type to another:
i) __________
ii) __________
iii) ____________
c) Rock cycle – continuous processes of rocks changing
d) __________ Rocks
i) ___________ – molten material that forms beneath Earth’s surface
ii) ________ – magma that reaches the surface
iii) Igneous rocks
(1) Form when magma _________ and hardens beneath surface -OR(2) Volcanic eruption
e) _______________ Rocks
i) _____________ – rocks are physically and chemically broken down by _________, _______, living things.
ii) ____________ – weathered pieces of earth materials
(1) Moved by water, gravity, glaciers, wind
iii) Sedimentary rocks formed by:
(1) Sediments being ____________ and _____________
f) Metamorphic Rock
i) _______________ rock – buried deep within Earth
(1) Exposed to increased _____________ and _____________
ii) When metamorphic rocks exposed to additional pressure or higher temps:
(1) Melt to form __________ -> eventually crystallizes to form ___________ rock again
g) ________________ Paths
i) ____________ Rock:
(1) Some remains deeply buried: exposed to strong forces & increased temp – becomes _____________ rock
(2) If pressure & temp high enough – could _________ and reform ___________
ii) Metamorphic and sedimentary:
(1) Could weather to become ____________ again
(2) Then become _______________ rocks again
h) ___________
i) Igneous & metamorphic rocks
(1) Both driven by heat from Earth’s _____________
ii) Sedimentary rocks
(1) Weathering and movement of weathered materials
(2) _____________ processes powered by energy from the ______
3. Igneous Rocks
a) Different kinds of igneous rock form when magma and lava cool and harden
i) __________
ii) __________
b) ____________ Igneous Rocks
i) Form when _________ hardens beneath Earth’s surface
(1) Intrude into existing rocks
(2) Common rock: granite
c) ____________ Igneous Rocks
i) Form when ________ hardens
(1) They are extruded onto the surface
(2) Common: rhyolite
d) ________________ of Igneous Rocks
i) Two main characteristics:
(1) Texture
(a) ________
(b) ________
(c) Interlocking crystals
(2) Composition
(a) _________ vs. ________ minerals
ii) Igneous Rocks – Texture
(1) __________-grained
(a) _________ cooling results in formation of large crystals
(2) _______-grained
(a) _________ cooling results in small, interconnected mineral grains
(3) ___________
(a) Formed when _______ in lava do not have enough time to arrange themselves in network of crystals
(b) Ex. – obsidian, pumice
(4) ____________ – (large crystals surrounded by fine-grained minerals)
(a) Formed when minerals that crystallize from magma do not form at same rate or same time
iii) Igneous Rocks – Composition
(1) ___________ Composition
(a) _________-colored silicate minerals
(b) Major rocks of continental crust – 70% _________
(c) Ex – rhyolite: extrusive granitic rock
(2) ___________ Composition
(a) ________ silicate minerals & plagioclase feldspar
(b) Rich in iron and magnesium
(c) ___________ and __________ than granitic rocks
(d) Ex – basalt, gabbro
(3) Other Compositional Groups
(a) ____________ composition – between granitic and basaltic rocks
(i) common volcanic rock – andesite
(ii) 25% dark silicate minerals
(b) ____________ – much of upper mantle
(i) ____________– composed mostly of dark minerals
(ii) Rare at Earth’s surface
4. Sedimentary Rocks
a) Form when existing rocks broken down into sediments
i) ____________ - any process that breaks rocks into sediment
ii) __________ – water, wind, ice, gravity
iii) _____________ – loses energy, drops sediment
(1) Sediments deposited according to ________
(2) Largest deposited ________ – smallest deposited _________
b) Processes that change sediments into sedimentary rocks:
i) _____________ – squeezes, or compacts sediments
(1) Much of the water is driven out
ii) _____________ – dissolved minerals deposited in tiny spaces among sediments
c) Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
i) Classified into ________ groups according to the way they form:
(1) __________ sedimentary rocks
(a) rocks made of weathered bits of rocks and minerals
(i) _________________ – gravel-sized or larger particles make up most of rock
(ii) _________ – angular particles
(iii) ____________ – sand-size grains
(2) Chemical and biochemical sedimentary rocks
(a) Dissolved minerals _____________ from water solutions
(b) Occurs when water ______________ or ________ off, leaving a solid product
(i) Limestones, rock salt, chert, flint, rock gypsum
(c) 90 % of ______________ formed from biochemical sediments
(i) Shells and skeletal remains of organisms on ________ _______
d) Features – Sedimentary Rocks
i) Can give clues to ______, _______, and __________ rocks formed
(1) Each layer: records a _________ of ____________ deposition
(a) ____________ layers found at bottom
(2) ___________ __________: rock formed along beach or stream bed
(3) ______ ___________: record of a dry environment
(4) __________: answer questions about rocks
(a) Did rock form on _______ or ocean?
(b) Was climate hot or cold?
(c) Match rocks from different places (compare _______)
5. _______________ Rocks
a) ____________ rocks are changed by heat and pressure
i) Conditions are a few km below surface and extend into the upper mantle
b) Two Types of Metamorphism
i) ____________ metamorphism: hot _________ moves into rock
(1) _________-grade metamorphism
(2) Marble – forms from limestone
ii) _____________ metamorphism: hot ___________ moves into rock
(1) During mountain building, large areas of rock subjected to extreme pressures and temps
(2) ________-grade metamorphism
c) Agents of Metamorphism
i) ________ – most important agent
(1) Comes from two sources: ___________ and change in ________________ with depth
(2) Provides energy to drive chemical reactions
(3) Minerals are ____________ at different temps
ii) ___________ (Stress)
(1) Increases with __________
(2) Pressure on rocks from within Earth comes from ________ ______________.
(3) Causes rocks to flow, not fracture
(a) Minerals ___________ and _____________
iii) ______________ Solutions
(1) When solutions increase in temp, reactions among substances occur at a _____________ rate
(2) Promote recrystallization by _______________ original minerals and _______________ new ones
d) Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
i) _____________:
(1) Some minerals recrystallize at right angles to the direction of force
(2) Gives rock a ___________ or ______________ appearance
(3) Ex: shale – slate – schist – gneiss
ii) ____________:
(1) Does ______ _________ banded texture
(2) Most only contain one mineral
(3) Limestone (made of calcite) - marble