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LEXICOLOGY & LEXICOGRAPHY
Syllabus
Course designed by: Boris Pritchard, 2002
PARTS:
A.
B.
C.
D.
LEXICOLOGY – LEXICOGRAPHY – SEMANTICS
LEXICOLOGY
WORD FORMATION
LEXICOGRAPHY
A. LEXICOLOGY – LEXICOGRAPHY – SEMANTICS
References:
1. Jackson, H. (1988): 239-250
2. Svensen, B. (1990):1-2,
3. Zgusta, L. 1971,
4. Bratanić, M. 1989
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defining terms, vocabulary vs. lexis/dictionary
lexicology vs. semantics (branches of linguistics): lexical form – lexical item & meaning
semantics: lexical semantics – pragmatic semantics
lexicography: art of dictionary making; linguistic discipline vs. profession
B. LEXICOLOGY
UNITS:
1. KEY ISSUES & FOUNDATIONS
References:
1. Carter, R. (1998):1-14 – (What’s in a word)
2. Jackson, H. (198)8: 1-18 (What is a word?)
3. Crystal, D. ( 1995): 118-9 (The nature of the lexicon)
1.1 definition of a WORD
(orthographic, minimum meaningful unit, stress, forms of words)
- lexicological metalanguage: word-forms, lexemes, lexical units, mwlu, entry
1.2 lexemes & words
- lexeme as an abstract unit
- word form
- lexeme and polysemy
- lexicological metalanguage: word-forms, lexemes, lexical units, mwlu, entry
1.3 grammatical vs. lexical words: lexical words: open & closed classes
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1.4 morphemes: free & bound; morphology of the English language
1.5 word production & creativity
- word formation: inflection, derivation, conversion, compounding
- collocation
- phrases
- metaphor, etc.
1.6 multiple meanings and lexical relations
- polysemy
- antonymy
- homonyms, homophones, homographs
revised definition of a word - lexicological metalanguage: word-forms, lexemes,
lexical units, mwlu, entry
2. ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS – etymology, lexical borrowing, adding to
the lexicon
References.:
1. Jackson, H. (1988): 19-34 (Where did English words come from?)
2. Crystal, D. (1995): 135-155 (Etymology)
3. Hatch, E & Brown, C. (1995) – Part 8 Adding to the lexicon, 170-187
3. EWD, Umbach (WNW), Barnhardt (World Book Dictionary.)
1. Origins
2. Borrowed words
- Old Norse / Danish, Norman Conquest 1066 – Middle. French, Classical Revival
- Mod. E. (combining words of Lat/Gr origin)
- New World (Spanish, Indian languages)
- Dutch, Spanish, Italian, 2nd World War
- Other (Mod. French, German, Spanish, Swedish), exotic lang.
- Intermediary languages
3. Making new words : Motivated words, Compounding, Derivation, Conversion, Blending,
Clipping, Back formation , Acronyms
4. Etymology proper – in dictionary entries
5. Etymlogical Issues in dictionaries (EWD)
6. Method of presentation – word origin indicators; etymology in the entry ((Barnhardt,
Umbach/WNW)
7. Nature – definition – issues : arguing etymologically (Crystal)
8. Neologistic compounds (Lat & Gr in Mod. E) – Orwell – Newspeak
9. Semantic change: (other than: euphemism, cliché, figurative language)
- extension / genaralisation
- narrowing / specialisation
- amelioration
- pejoration / deterioration
10. Folk etymology
4. WORDS AND MEANING
References:
1. Jackson (1988): 49-63 – Words and the world; 79-95 – Analysing word meanings
2. Carter (1998): 15-18 – Referential meaning; Componential analysis
3. Lyons, J. ( 1977): 174-229 (Reference, sense and denotation)
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4. Lyons, J. (1979): 75 – 89 (The Lexicon)
5. Palmer, F.R, (1981) Semantics
6. Cruse, D. (1986) Lexical Semantics
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referential meaning
componential analysis
denotative vs. connotative meaning
semantic relations
5. LEXICAL RELATIONS / STRUCTURAL SEMANTICS / WORD
ASSOCIATIONS
References:
1. Carter 1998: 19-28; – (Structural semantics: Words and other words)
2. Jackson 1988: 64-78; - (Words and words)
3. Crystal 1995: 164-8; (Sense relations: synonyms, antonyms,
hyponyms, incompatibles; parts and wholes, series, hierarchies)
5. Lyons 1977: 270-316 (Structural semantics II – sense relations)
6. Hatch, E. 1995, 64- 83 (Relational models in semantics)
- synonymy
- antonymy (complementarity, converseness, incompatibility)
(hyponyms vs. supernyms, lexical taxonomies)
- relational models in semantics
6. WORD PATTERNS
Ref.:
1. Carter, R. 1998: 50-78 (Words and patterns)
2. Jackson, H. 1987: 79.95 (Meaning from Combinations)
3. Crystal, D. 1995: 160 – 164 (Lexical Structure)
6.1 collocations
6.2 lexical sets & fields
6.3 patterns, ranges, restrictions
6.4 idioms – fixed expressions
7. LEXIS AND DISCOURSE
References:
Carter, R. 1998: 79-114
Crystal, D. (1995) : 171 - 177
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lexical cohesion
anaphoric nounns
lexis and coherence
lexis and genre
lexical dimensions (connotation, taboo, swearing, jargon, political correctness
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8. CORE VOCABULARY
References:
Carter, R. 1998: 34-46 (Core Vocabulary);
Carter, R. 1998: 236-238 (Core Vocabulary and language study: back to the core)
Carter, R. 1998: 275-279 (Case study – 9.4)
9. LEXIS AND LANGUAGE LEARNING
References:
Carter, R. 1998: 184-238 (Learning and teaching vocabulary)
Hatch, E. 1995: 376-400
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child’s acquisition of vocabulary
concrete-abstract progression, generalizations
what is a difficult word?
The Birkbeck Vocabulary Project
Word lists
Words in context
Word sets and grids
Vocabulary for advanced learners
Cloze and its uses
10. NAMES
References:
Hatch, E. 1995: 170- 185
Crystal, D. 1995: 140-155 (Names)
(a) place names – UK / US (New World), streets
(b) personal names: surnames, first names, nicknames, pseudonyms
(c) object names
11. THE VOCABULARY OF COMMUNICATION SIGNALS AND SPEECH
ACTS
References
Hatch, E. 1995: 329-362
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Communication signals (Open/close signals, back-channel signals, turn-taking signals,
acoustically adequate and interpretable messages, non-participant constraints, Gricean
norms, framing or bracket signals
The lexicon of speech acts and speech events
12. LEXICON OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
References:
Hatch, E. (1995): 86-114
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figurative language
metaphor as a universal process
literary and conceptual metaphor
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social models of metaphor, etc.
C. WORD FORMATION
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root
inflection,
derivation: affixation
conversion,
compounding
References:
Quirk et al. (1995) A Grammar of Contemporary English, London: Arnold
Hatch, E. (1995): 189-209 (Processes in word building)
D. LEXICOGRAPHY
1. LEXICOGRAPHY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES
References:
Carter, R. (1998): 150-177 (Lexis and lexicography)
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lexis and lexicography
dictionary and encyclopaedia
dictionary information categories (formal/morphological, syntagmatic/combinational,
semantic, encyclopedic, pragmatic)
dictionary structure / organisation
2. HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY
References:
Jackson, H. (1988): 79-95 (Why dictionaries?)
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before Johnson
Samuel Johnson
The New English Dictionary (OED, W3)
3. TYPES OF DICTIONARIES
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 9-39
Jackson, H. (1987): 157-173
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General-purpose vs. specialist dictionary
Monolingual vs bilingual vs multilingual (Ščerba: the four types of dictionaries)
alphabetical vs. non-alphabetical
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user demands & expectations
users’ competence (for using the dictionary)
criteria/dimensions in dictionary typology: prescriptive vs. descriptive, synchronic vs.
diacronic, mono- vs. bilingual, general vs. technical, learners’, size (pocket, collegiate, desk,
W3, OED, special etc.
4. DICTIONARY USERS
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 9-39
Jackson, H. (1987): 79-95 (Who uses a dictionary for what?)
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users’ demands
user-friendliness
5. LEARNERS’ DICTIONARIES
References:
Jackson, H. (1987): 174-191 (Especially for the learner)
6. DICTIONARY MAKING – COLLECTION AND SELECTION OF
MATERIAL – THE CRAFT OF LEXICOGRAPHY
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 40-63 (The collection and selection of material)
Jackson, H. (1987): 224-238 (The craft of lexicography)
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authenticity – evidence
sources and their use
representativeness – corpora, coverage
suitability – user-friendliness
pedagogical role, social role
encyclopedic elements
7. HEADWORDS
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 64-68; 200-209
OALD, LDOCE, COBUILD, CIDE, W3, WNW, RH, OED
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headword vs. dictionary entry, homographs
headword vs. entry (200-209)
multi-word lexical units
typographical form
functions
grammatical form
special types of headwords
8. PHONOLOGICAL INFORMATION
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References:
Svensen, B. (1993) :
9. GRAMMATICAL INFORMATION
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 74-97 (Inflection; Parts of Speech; Constructions)
Jackson, H. (1987): 142-156
10. PRAGMATIC INFORMATION
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 181-188; 163-166; 167-180; 194-188
Jackson, H. (1987): 152-156
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implicit & explicit pragmatic information
subject field, register, mode, tenor
examples
explanations
encyclopaedic information
illustrations, etc.
cross-references
labels etc.
11. LEXICOGRAPHIC DEFINITION
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 112-139
Jackson, H. (1987): 126-141
Carter, R. (1998): 152-154
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Logical, scientific, lexicographic definition
establishing separate meanings
methods of defining
paraphrases
true definitions
supports for definition
defining vocabulary
12. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 140-162
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equivalence
types of equivalence
discrimination of meaning,
format
arrangement of meaning, etc.
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13. MACROSTRUCTURE & MICROSTRUCTURE
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 210-229
14. LEXICAL SETS & COLLOCATIONS & IDIOMS
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 98-111
Jackson, H. (1987): 96-110; 208-223
Carter, R. (1998): 50-78
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lexical/semantic fields
non-alphabetical dictionaries
thematic lexicography (conceptual, thesauri, thematic, combinatorial)
15. DICTIONARY PROJECTS – CORPUS LEXICOGRAPHY
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 236-249
16. DICTIONARIES IN THE ELECTRONIC AGE
References:
Carter, R. (1998): 150-183
Svensen, B. (1993) : 250-271
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machine-readable dictionaries
on-line dictionaries
lexical databases
corpus linguistics and lexicographic corpora
concordances
lexical density
lexical measurements
collocational and semantic software, etc.
REFERENCES:
Bratanić, M. (1989) Rječnik i kultura, Zagreb, Filozofski fakultet
Carter (1998) Vocabulary, London: Routledge
Cruse, D. (1986) Lexical Semantics, CUP
Crystal, D. (1995) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, CUP
Hatch, E. (1995), Vocabulary, Semantics, and Language Education, CUP
Jackson (1988) Words and their Meaning, London: Longman
Lyons, J. (1977) Semantics vol. I, II, CUP
Palmer, F.R, (1981) Semantics, CUP
Quirk et al. (1995) A Grammar of Contemporary English, London: Arnold
Svensen, B. (1993) Practical Lexicography, OUP
Zgusta, L. (1971) Manual of Lexicography, The Hague, Mouton
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English/American/Australian monolingual dictionaries
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English-Croatian and Croatian-English dictionaries
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INTERNET : web-sites on corpus linguistics and dictionaries