University of Rijeka
Faculty of Philosophy
M.A. in Education and Training
Introduction to
LEXICOLOGY & LEXICOGRAPHY
Syllabus
MA Course designed by: Boris Pritchard, 2010
Contents:
A.
B.
C.
D.
LEXICOLOGY
WORD FORMATION
LEXICOGRAPHY
TERMINOLOGY/TERMINOGRAPHY
A. LEXICOLOGY
1. BASIC NOTIONS
References:
1. Jackson & Amvela (2000): 1-20; 161-185
2. Svensen, B. (1990):1-2,
3. Zgusta, L. 1971,
4. Bratanić, M. 1989
Topics:
- Introduction to Lexicology, Lexicology Definitions, Structure of English Vocabulary
- Lexicology vs lexicography
- lexicology vs. semantics (branches of linguistics): lexical form – lexical item & meaning
- semantics: lexical semantics – pragmatic semantics
- lexicography: art of dictionary making; linguistic discipline vs. profession
- lexicography vs terminology
- terminology vs terminography
2. KEY ISSUES
References:
1. Carter, R. (1998):1-14 – (What’s in a word)
2. Jackson, H. (2000): 48-68 (The Word)
3. Crystal, D. ( 1995): 118-9 (The nature of the lexicon)
a. definition of a WORD

What is a Word, Word vs. Lexeme, Grammar and Lexical Words

minimum meaningful unit, stress, forms of words)
lexicological metalanguage: word-forms, lexemes, lexical units, mwlu, entry
(orthographic,
b. lexemes & words
- lexeme as an abstract unit
- word form
- lexeme and polysemy
- lexicological metalanguage: word-forms, lexemes, lexical units, mwlu, entry
c. grammatical vs. lexical words: lexical words: open & closed classes
d. morphemes: free & bound; morphology of the English language
e. word production & creativity
- word formation: inflection, derivation, conversion, compounding
- collocation
- phrases
- metaphor, etc.
f. multiple meanings and lexical relations
- polysemy
- antonymy
- homonyms, homophones, homographs
revised definition of a word - lexicological metalanguage: word-forms, lexemes,
lexical units, mwlu, entry
1.7 The structure of the lexicon: introduction (Lipka 2002: 148-186)
3. ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS – etymology, lexical borrowing, adding to
the lexicon
References.:
1. Jackson, H. (2000): 21-47 (Where do English words come from?)
2. Crystal, D. (1995): 135-155 (Etymology)
3. Hatch, E & Brown, C. (1995) – Part 8 Adding to the lexicon, 170-187
1. EWD, Umbach (WNW), Barnhardt (World Book Dictionary.)
1.
Origin of English Vocabulary, History of Vocabulary Development, Native Vocabulary vs.
Loan Vocabulary, Current Situation
2. Origins
3. Borrowed words
- Old Norse / Danish, Norman Conquest 1066 – Middle. French, Classical Revival
- Mod. E. (combining words of Lat/Gr origin)
- New World (Spanish, Indian languages)
- Dutch, Spanish, Italian, 2nd World War
- Other (Mod. French, German, Spanish, Swedish), exotic lang.
- Intermediary languages
4. Making new words : Motivated words, Compounding, Derivation, Conversion, Blending,
Clipping, Back formation , Acronyms
5. Etymology proper – in dictionary entries
6. Etymlogical Issues in dictionaries (EWD)
7. Method of presentation – word origin indicators; etymology in the entry ((Barnhardt,
Umbach/WNW)
8. Nature – definition – issues : arguing etymologically (Crystal)
9. Neologistic compounds (Lat & Gr in Mod. E) – Orwell – Newspeak
10. Semantic change: (other than: euphemism, cliché, figurative language)
- extension / genaralisation
- narrowing / specialisation
- amelioration
- pejoration / deterioration
11. Folk etymology
4. WORDS AND MEANING
References:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
-
Jackson (2001): 86-100 Meaning in dictionaries
Carter (1998): 15-18 – Referential meaning; Componential analysis
Lyons, J. ( 1977): 174-229 (Reference, sense and denotation)
Lyons, J. (1979): 75 – 89 (The Lexicon)
Palmer, F.R, (1981) Semantics
Cruse, D. (1986) Lexical Semantics
referential meaning
componential analysis
denotative vs. connotative meaning
semantic relations
5. LEXICAL RELATIONS / STRUCTURAL SEMANTICS
References:
1. Carter 1998: 19-28; – (Structural semantics: Words and other words)
2. Jackson 2000: 91-117; - (Meaning Relations)
3. Crystal 1995: 164-8; (Sense relations: synonyms, antonyms,
hyponyms, incompatibles; parts and wholes, series, hierarchies)
5. Lyons 1977: 270-316 (Structural semantics II – sense relations)
6. Hatch, E. 1995, 64- 83 (Relational models in semantics)




The structure of the lexicon: (Lipka 2002: 148-186)
Word, Meaning, Sense, Semantic Triangle, Types of Meaning, Monosemy, Polysemy,
Words in Relations
Synonymy
antonymy (complementarity, converseness, incompatibility)
(hyponyms vs. supernyms, lexical taxonomies)
6. WORD PATTERNS , Word Combinations
Ref.:
1. Carter, R. 1998: 50-78 (Words and patterns)
2. Jackson, H. 1987: 79.95 (Meaning from Combinations)
3. Crystal, D. 1995: 160 – 164 (Lexical Structure)


The Lexicon, Lexicon Organization (The
structure of the lexicon: (Lipka 2002: 148-186)




collocations
lexical sets & fields
patterns, ranges, restrictions
idioms – fixed expressions
7. The Function of Words - LEXIS AND DISCOURSE – Words in Use
References:
Carter, R. 1998: 79-114
Jackson (2000) 118-142
Singleton 2000)
Crystal, D. (1995) : 171 - 177
-
lexical cohesion
anaphoric nounns
lexis and coherence
lexis and genre
lexical dimensions (connotation, taboo, swearing, jargon, political correctness
co-text, context and the mental lexicon; resolution of polysemy, semantic decomposition, ,
cognitive linguistics and experience (categorization and psychology; frames, scripts and
events)
8. CORE VOCABULARY
References:
Carter, R. 1998: 34-46 (Core Vocabulary);
Carter, R. 1998: 236-238 (Core Vocabulary and language study: back to the core)
Carter, R. 1998: 275-279 (Case study – 9.4)
www
9. LEXIS AND LANGUAGE LEARNING
References:
Carter, R. 1998: 184-238 (Learning and teaching vocabulary)
Hatch, E. 1995: 376-400
www (Nation 1994, 2000)
-
child’s acquisition of vocabulary
concrete-abstract progression, generalizations
what is a difficult word?
The Birkbeck Vocabulary Project
Word lists
Words in context
Word sets and grids
Vocabulary for advanced learners
Cloze and its uses
10. NAMES
References:
Hatch, E. 1995: 170- 185
Crystal, D. 1995: 140-155 (Names)
(a) place names – UK / US (New World), streets
(b) personal names: surnames, first names, nicknames, pseudonyms
(c) object names
11. THE VOCABULARY OF COMMUNICATION SIGNALS AND SPEECH
ACTS
References
Hatch, E. 1995: 329-362
-
-
Communication signals (Open/close signals, back-channel signals, turn-taking signals,
acoustically adequate and interpretable messages, non-participant constraints, Gricean
norms, framing or bracket signals
The lexicon of speech acts and speech events
12. LEXICON OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
References:
Hatch, E. (1995): 86-114
-
figurative language
Idioms, Proverbs, Clichés
metaphor as a universal process
literary and conceptual metaphor
social models of metaphor, etc.
B. WORD FORMATION






Root, stem, base,
Morpheme, Morph, Allomorph,
inflection,
derivation: affixation
conversion,

Compounding (Compound Lexemes, Class Maintaining and Class Changing Compounds,
Compound Nouns, Compound Verbs)
Adjectives, Compound Adverbs, Rhyme, Neo-Classical Compounds

Prefixation

Suffixation

Conversion, infixes

Clipping

Blends

Backformation

Acronyms

Onomatopoeia

Eponyms

Toponyms


Word creation,
Fixed Expressions,
References:
Quirk et al. (1995) A Grammar of Contemporary English, London: Arnold
Hatch, E. (1995): 189-209 (Processes in word building)
Lipka 1994
C. LEXICOGRAPHY
1. LEXICOGRAPHY – BASIC PRINCIPLES
References:
Landau (2001): What is a dictionary? 1-6
Sterkenburg (2003) 3-17
Jackson (2001) 21-30
Carter, R. (1998): 150-177 (Lexis and lexicography)
-
lexis and lexicography
dictionary and encyclopaedia
dictionary information categories (formal/morphological, syntagmatic/combinational,
semantic, encyclopedic, pragmatic)
dictionary structure / organisation
2. LINGUSTIC THEORY AND LEXICOGRAPHY
References:
Atkins-Rundell 2008 (130-159)
Bejoint 2000 (169-208)
- Sense relationships: similarities and differences
- Frame semantics
- Lexicographic relevance
3. HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY
References:
Jackson, H. (2000): 79-95 (Why dictionaries?)
Landau (2001): 43-97 (A brief history of English lexicography)
Bejoint (2000) 42-106
-
before Johnson
Samuel Johnson
The New English Dictionary (OED, W3)
The lexicographical scene of English-speaking countries
4. KEY ELEMENTS OF DICTIONARIES – PLANNING THE DICTIONARY
References:
Landau (2001): 98-258)
Atkins-Rundell 2008 (17-44)
-
Types of lexical item
Constituent parts of a dictionary
Building the headword list
organizing the headword list
types of entry
information in the entry
the entry structure
5. THE DICTIONARY AND DICTIONARY USERS
References:
Atkins-Rundell 2008 (17-44)
Svensen, B. (1993) : 9-39
Bogaards (in Sterkenburg 2003) 26-33
Jackson, H. (2001): (74-85)
-
users’ demands
user-friendliness
types of dictionary user
tailoring the entry to the users' needs
6. TYPES OF DICTIONARIES
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 9-39
Atkins-Rundell 2008 (17-44)
http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/lexico/link5.htm
-
-
General-purpose vs. specialist dictionary
Monolingual vs bilingual vs multilingual (Ščerba: the four types of dictionaries)
alphabetical vs. non-alphabetical
user demands & expectations
users’ competence (for using the dictionary)
criteria/dimensions in dictionary typology: prescriptive vs. descriptive, synchronic vs.
diacronic, mono- vs. bilingual, general vs. technical, learners’, size (pocket, collegiate, desk,
W3, OED, special etc.
Learners' dictionary
7. USAGE : PRAGMATIC INFORMATION IN DICTIONARIES
References:
Landau (2001) 217-272)102-113
Burkhanov (in Sterkenburg 2003)
Svensen, B. (1993) : 181-188; 163-166; 167-180; 194-188
Jackson, H. (1987): 152-156
-
implicit & explicit pragmatic information
subject field, register, mode, tenor
examples
explanations
encyclopaedic information
illustrations, etc.
cross-references
labels etc.
8. COMPILING THE ENTRY
References:
Atkins-Rundell 2008 (383-513)
Landau (2001): Definition (153-216)
Geeraerts (in Sterkenburg 2003) 83-93
Svensen, B. (1993) : 112-139
Jackson, H. (2001): 126-141
Carter, R. (1998): 152-154
-
Monolingual entry
Bilingual entry
Translation equivalents
Lexicographic definition
-
Logical, scientific, lexicographic definition
establishing separate meanings
methods of defining
paraphrases
true definitions
supports for definition
defining vocabulary
9. ANALYSING LEXICOGRAPHIC DATA
References:
Atkins-Rundell 2008 (261-382)
-
Building the databases
- word senses
- the lexical unit
10. HEADWORDS
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 64-68; 200-209
OALD, LDOCE, COBUILD, CIDE, W3, WNW, RH, OED
-
headword vs. dictionary entry, homographs
headword vs. entry (200-209)
multi-word lexical units
typographical form
functions
grammatical form
special types of headwords
11. PHONOLOGICAL AND GRAMMATICAL INFORMATION
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 74-97 (Inflection; Parts of Speech; Constructions)
12. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES
References:
Bejoint,
Svensen, B. (1993) : 140-162
-
equivalence
types of equivalence
discrimination of meaning,
format
arrangement of meaning, etc.
13. LEXICAL SETS & COLLOCATIONS & IDIOMS
References:
Svensen, B. (1993) : 98-111
Carter, R. (1998): 50-78
-
lexical/semantic fields
non-alphabetical dictionaries
thematic lexicography (conceptual, thesauri, thematic, combinatorial)
14. DICTIONARY MAKING – COLLECTION AND SELECTION OF
MATERIAL – THE CRAFT OF LEXICOGRAPHY
References:
Landau (2001) 343 – 401
Sinclair 1991
15. CORPUS LEXICOGRAPHY - DICTIONARY PROJECTS
References:
Atkins-Rundell 2008 (45-129)
Sterkenburg (2003) chapters: 4, 5, 6, 7
Biber etc. (2000)
Sinclair (1991)
Sterkenburg (2003)
16. DICTIONARIES IN THE ELECTRONIC AGE
References:
www
Carter, R. (1998): 150-183
Svensen, B. (1993) : 250-271
-
machine-readable dictionaries
on-line dictionaries
lexical databases
corpus linguistics and lexicographic corpora
concordances
lexical density
-
lexical measurements
collocational and semantic software, etc.
D. TERMINOLOGY/TERMINOGRAPHY
References:
Cabré, T.
Sager, J.
Rey,
Mihaljević, M.
Bratanić, M.
REFERENCES:
 Atkins, B.T.S.; Rundell, M. (2008) The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography. Oxford
UP
 Cabré, T. (1999) Terminology, Theory, methods and applications. John Benjamins Publ.
 Carter (1998) Vocabulary, London: Routledge
 Jackson, H.& E. Zé Amvela (2000) Words, Meaning and Vocabulary (An Introduction to
Modern English Lexicology), Continuum, London
 Jackson, H. (2002) An Introduction to Lexicography, Routledge
 Landau, S. (2001) Dictionaries, The Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge
FURTHER REFERENCES
Bauer, L. (1983) English Word Formation. Cambridge UP
Béjoint, H. (2004), Modern Lexicography: An Introduction (Paperback), Oxford Linguistics
Biber, D., Conrad, S. Reppen,. (2000) Corpus Linguistics, Cambridge UP
Bratanić, M. (1989) Rječnik i kultura, Zagreb, Filozofski fakultet
Cruse, D. (1986) Lexical Semantics, CUP
Crystal, D. (1995) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, CUP
Hatch, E. (1995), Vocabulary, Semantics, and Language Education, CUP
Hudeček, L. Mihaljević, M. (2009) Hrvatski terminološki priručnik, Institut za hrvatski jezik
Jackson (1988) Words and their Meaning, London: Longman
Mathews, P.H. (1993) Morphology. Cambridge UP
Marello, C. (1989). Dizionari bilingui con schede sui dizionari italiani per francese, inglese,
spagnolo, tedesco. Bologna: Zanichelli
Lipka, L. (2002) Lexicology, G. Narr verlag, Tuebingen
Lyons, J. (1977) Semantics vol. I, II, CUP
Palmer, F.R, (1981) Semantics, CUP
Piotrowski, Tadeusz Problems in bilingual lexicography, Wrocław 1994
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.3744...
Quirk et al. (1995) A Grammar of Contemporary English, London: Arnold
Sager, J. (1990) A Practical Course in Terminology Processing. John Benjamins Publ.
Singleton, D. (2000) Language and the lexicon, Arnold Publ.
Sterkenburg, van, P.(2003 Aguide to Lexicography. John Benjamins Publ.
Svensen, B. (1993) Practical Lexicography, OUP
Zgusta, L. (1971) Manual of Lexicography, The Hague, Mouton
- English/American/Australian monolingual dictionaries
- English-Croatian and Croatian-English dictionaries
- INTERNET: web-sites on lexicology, lexicography, terminology, corpus linguistics and
dictionaries
- monolingual and bilingual dictionary corpora (BNC, HNK, LOB, etc.)
Exam Requirements and Prerequisites
Students will be graded on participation in the courses, active involvement,
one test and one essay.
1. Participation - Three or more absences result in zero classification.
2. Essay – Four- page essay with theoretical and practical ideas on a select
topic. The essay is written at home and sent through the Internet. The essays
will be presented in groups (up to 4 presenetations in a class unit/45'). The
peparation for essays and topic assignments will be made in week two of the
course whereas oral presentations of the essays start in week five of the
course). The essay must be sent in no later than May 15th.
3. Test – In the test problem questions will be raised and emphasis given on
understanding of Problems. The test takes place in week 12.
4. The final grade will be an average result of participation (10%), the test
(30%), essay (30%), and oral presentation of the essay (30%).