EARTH SCIENCE
STUDY GUIDE = FINAL EXAM
Chapter 1 - Scientific Method

steps

Variables
Chapter 3 – Mapping
 Latitude vs. Longitude
 Degrees
 Types of Map Projections
 Mercator
 Gnomonic
 Conic
 Reading Topographic Map
Chapter 4

Who is Wegner?

What is Pangaea?

Plate Tectonics (3 Types)
o Lithosphere and
Asthenosphere

Convection Currents

Definitions of types of
study in Earth Science:
oceanography, meteorology,
ecology, geology, and astronomy
Chapter 5 and 6 - Earthquakes
 Stress
 What is an earthquake?
 Major earthquake zones
 Aftershocks
 Earthquake theories
 Tools used by scientists:
Richter Scale; Seismograph;
Mercalli scale; etc.
 How to predict earthquakes
 Earthquake safety
 Natural disasters that can
result from an earthquake (4)
 Tsunamis
 Earthquake
warnings/predictions
Chapter 7 – Volcanoes
 Lava and magma
 What is a volcano?
 Number of volcanoes
worldwide


2 types of volcanic zones
Differences between felsic and
mafic lava
 Tephra
 Major volcanic eruptions and
damage afterwards (Krakatau;
Mount St. Helens; Pompeii;
etc.)
 Solar System volcanoes:
Olympus Mons, Io
 Dante’s Peak synopsis
Chapter 8 – Chemistry
 Matter
 Elements names and symbols
 Physical vs. Chemical changes
 Parts of an atom
 Atomic mass
 Atomic Number
 Electron shells
 Types of bonds
 Chemical formulas
 3 states of matter
Chapter 9 – Minerals
 Organic vs. Inorganic
 What is a mineral?
 Silicate vs. Non-Silicate
mineral formation
 Halides, oxides, sulfates,
carbonates, native
elements, and sulfides
 Crystal
 Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
 Silicate structure – ionic,
chain, and sheet
 Identifying minerals –
color, luster, streak,
cleavage and fracture,
hardness, crystal shape,
density
 Mohs scale 1-10
 Softest talc – hardest
diamond
 Magnetism, fluorescence,
double refraction, and
radioactivity
Chapter 10 – Rock Cycle
 Igneous
 Metamorphic
 Sedimentary
 Rock cycle
 Examples of each
 Formation of rocks
 Stratification
 Fossils
 Magma
 Foliated vs. Unfoliated
 Intrusions vs. Extrusions
Chapter 11 – Resources and
Energy
 Renewable vs.
Nonrenewable resources
 Ways to help the
environment
 Types of pollution
 Ore Formation
 Use of mineral resources
 Fossil Fuels – coal,
petroleum/natural gas
 Formation of fossil fuels
 Fossil fuel supplies
 Environmental impact
 Nuclear energy-what is it?
 Fission vs. Fusion
 Energy alternatives
 Solar, wind, geothermal,
water
 Going Green!!!
Chapter 25 – Weather
 Air mass
 mP, cP, mT, cT
 Coriolis Effect
 4 different types of air
masses – warm, cold,
occluded, and stationary
 2 differences between
tropical and polar winds
 Wave cyclone (stages)
 Anticyclone
 Hurricane
 Typhoon
 Thunderstorm (3 stages)
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Lightning
Thunder
Squall line
Tornado
Meteorologist
Weather instruments
Radar vs. Doppler radar
Forecasting weather
Know weather symbols
(station models)
 Daily vs. long term
forecast
 Project Stormfury = cloud
seeding with iodide –
purpose
Chapter 27 + 29.2, 29.3 – Solar System
 Stars
 Star motion
 Star creation and star
destruction
 Black holes
 Stages of a star
 Planets
 You know this stuff, just look
over notes.
Tips for Studying:
1. Don’t cram: You’ll be reviewing
in class; go over again for an hour
at home each night.
2. Focus: Focus on your strengths
and weaknesses. Goal is to have
weaknesses become strengths.
3. Study Buddies: The more you
talk about it, the more you
understand. You will not only be
teaching yourself, but a friend as
well.
4. When in doubt, ask Ms. T: Ms. T
is here to help morning, noon, and
night.