CD ROM TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
Figure 1
The continents as they were 180 million years ago
Figure 2
The plate boundaries of the world
Figure 3
Rocks under stress break and create fault lines
Figure 4
Plate movements along the west coast of Mexico
Figure 5
The San Andreas fault system
Figure 6
The ways in which the earth moves during an earthquake
Figure 7
Earthquake damage, Mexico City, September 19, 1985
Figure 8
Partial collapse of a five story building in Armenia
Figure 9
Distribution of some major earthquake disasters: 1755-2003
Figure 10
Collapse of unreinforced masonry buildings in Iran
Figure 11
Aerial view of the collapsed double-decked highway structure
Figure 12
A collapsed building caused by liquefaction
Figure 13
The precast concrete floors in the building collapsed due to poor ties
with the walls
CHAPTER 2
Figure 1
Locations of volcanoes
Figure 2
The distribution of volcanic belts and trenches near Philippines
Figure 3
Plate margins and the relative movement between adjacent plates
Figure 4
The addition of new plate material along the mid-oceanic ridge is
compensated for by the consumption of old plate material along the
trench-subduction zone
Figure 5
The creation of magma in the presence of water along the subduction
zone.
Figure 6
The Seamounts and islands to the north west of the Emperor
Seamount Chain and the Hawaiian Ridge are significantly older than
Hawaii to the southeast
Figure 7
Lava fountain from Pu’u’O’o crater of Kilauea
Figure 8
Stromboli Volcano erupting incandescent molten lava fragments
Figure 9
Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, erupted as a Plinian-type in 1991
Figure 10
The Phreatic eruption of the Taal Volcano in 1976
Figure 11
A lava flow during the Mayon eruption of March 27, 1993
Figure 12
Lava crossing Highway 130 in Kalapana on February 21, 1990
Figure 13
Small pyroclastic flows originating from the dome collapse on Uzen
Volcano
Figure 14
Volcanic bombs in the Canary Islands
Figure 15
Heavy ash fall caused a DC-10 to sit on its tail
Figure 16
A house on the flanks of Pinatubo where ash thicknesses averaged
one to two meters
Figure 17
Landslide scar from debris avalanche after Hurricane Mitch near La
Palma, El Salvador
Figure 18
Armero, Colombia after a lahar from Nevado del Ruiz in 1985
Figure 19
Izalco, El Salvador, became a popular tourist location until it ceased
all activity
Figure 20
Volcano monitoring techniques
Figure 21
Schematic for a lahar detection system
Figure 22
Lahar detection system being installed, Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
CHAPTER 3
Figure 1
Local wind damage to a neighborhood
Figure 2
Wind damage to a residential structure
Figure 3
A view of hurricane Allen over the Gulf of Mexico in August of 1980
Figure 4
The pattern of atmospheric pressure and wind speed across a typical
hurricane and the movements of air within a hurricane
Figure 5
Tracks of tropical storms for the Caribbean Sea and the western
Atlantic Ocean in 2001
Figure 6
The paths of seven major European winter storms in the past 40 years
Figure 7
Air flow in and around a tornado, Northern Hemisphere
Figure 8
A tornado in Texas, USA
Figure 9
Mean global temperatures measured from 1880 – 2000
Figure 10
Variation in relative wind speed with height above the ground over
different surfaces: (a) the open ocean, (b) the open countryside, (c)
small towns and village, and (d) the centers of large cities. Wind
speed shows as percentages of the “gradient” wind speed up to
gradient height (100 percent)
Figure 11
Model of the differences in wind speed across an island
Figure 12
Tornado damage due to F4 tornado in northwest Pennsylvania on
May 30, 1985
Figure 13
Examples of the catastrophic failure of structures due to hurricane
force winds: (a) failure of foundations, (b) failure of frames, (c)
failure of unreinforced masonry, (d) failure of connections in light
timber houses, (e) failure of reinforced concrete frames, and (f)
failure of telecommunication towers and masts
Figure 14
Some component failures: (a) roof sheeting – Perhaps the most
common area of failure in hurricanes is roof sheeting. The causes are
usually inadequate fastening devices, inadequate sheet thickness, and
insufficient use of fasteners in the areas of maximum wind pressure,
(b) roof tiles – Thought to have low vulnerability in storms, reliance
on mortar bonding has proven to be inadequate, (c) rafters may split –
The top halves of rafters in roofing may break away and leave the
bottom in place. The splitting results from holes drilled horizontally
through the rafters to install holding-down bars, (d) windows and
doors – The most frequently damaged components in hurricanes after
roof sheeting are windows and external doors. Latches, dead bolts,
hinges, and reinforced doors without glass panels are necessary, (e)
walls of unreinforced masonry – masonry walls that are not
reinforced often fail in severe hurricanes.
Figure 15
The shape of this house saved it from hurricane winds
Figure 16
Losses from natural disasters, 1960 – 1993
CHAPTER 4
Figure 1
A human ecological model of hazards
Figure 2
The drainage basins of the Mississippi River
Figure 3
A model to illustrate the relationship between hazard and
vulnerability and its root causes to leading to disasters
CHAPTER 5
Figure 1
A ‘creeping’ surface fire reduces surface fuels, recycles nutrients and
maintains open, healthy conditions.
Figure 2
(a) Fire stripping understory of ponderosa pine forest, Ort Valley
Experimental Forest, Coconino National Forest. Source: Farnsworth
(1998). (b) Fire suppression has produced dense ‘doghair’ thickets,
increasing the crown fire hazard. Source: U.S. Forest Service (2004).
Figure 3
The visible, near-infrared and shortwave infrared portion of
electromagnetic spectrum, showing the spectral response pattern of
green vegetation: Absorption by leaf pigments (chiefly chlorophyll)
controls reflectance in the ‘visible’ portion of the spectrum (0.4m0.7m). Internal leaf structure mediates reflectance in the nearinfrared portion of the spectrum. Leaf water content controls
reflectance in the shortwave infrared, producing peaks in this graph at
about 1.7m and 2.2m. The ‘valleys’ in the shortwave infrared
represent absorption of energy in these wavelengths by water vapor in
the atmosphere
Figure 4
This Landsat Thematic Mapper image collected after the Cerro
Grande Fire (May-June, 2000, Jemez Mountains and Los Alamos,
New Mexico) expresses the classic ‘signature’ of a fire scar (enclosed
area)
Figure 5
NASA MODIS images human-set cropping fires in Sierra Leone,
West Africa, April 4, 2004.
Figure 6
NASA ASTER captures the Old Fire/Grand Prix fire, October 26,
2003. The fire is burning on both sides of Interstate Highway 15 in
the San Bernardino Mountains 80 km east of Los Angeles, California.
Figure 7
Thousands of fires burning in Southeast Asia were covering the
region with a pall of smoke when this MODIS image was captured by
the NASA Aqua satellite on March 27, 2004. While cropping fires
like these are not imminently hazardous large-scale burning can have
a strong impact on weather, climate, human health, and natural
resources.
Figure 8
A wind-driven forest fire burns out of control in central Portugal on
March 27, 2004, prompting evacuations. Hundreds of firefighters
fought the fire, which reportedly broke out in a eucalyptus grove.
Figure 9
A Landsat ETM classification map of vegetation in the Valles
Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico USA
Figure 10
Setting up the sampling plot: This team of student and faculty
researchers is using a global positioning system (GPS) to establish
coordinates for a fuels sampling plot in the Santa Catalina Mountains,
Arizona. GPS is a key geospatial information technology for
integration of ground data with satellite observations. This plot
supported heavy ground fuels, including extensive litter and large
logs. These studies occurred prior to the catastrophic Aspen fire that
burned approximately 85,000 wooded acres in June-July 2003,
destroying some 350 structures in and around the mountain
community of Summerhaven, AZ.
Figure 11
This ponderosa pine fuels plot, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico is an
example of Fire Behavior Fuel Model 8. Fire is carried in this case by
the needleleaf litter on the ground.
Figure 12
This grassland fuels plot, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, is an
example of Fire Behavior Fuel Model 1. Fire is carried in this case by
the grasses.
Figure 13
Experimental AVHRR fuel moisture image map for the contiguous
United States for the first two weeks of June 1999. Dark areas are
moister, light areas, drier. Note the entire Southwest Region is
comparatively dry, confirming the climate record for this period.
Figure 14
Experimental AVHRR live fuel moisture image map for the
contiguous United States for the first two weeks of September 1999.
Dark areas are moister, light areas, drier. Compared to June 1999, this
September 1999 image expresses the response of the Southwest
Region to summer monsoonal precipitation.
Figure 15
The first version of FCS (FCS-1) in schematic form: The ‘physical’
data layers appear in the left column, the ‘human’ dimensions layers,
in the right column. These primary physical and human data layers
integrate to form, respectively, Fire Probability and Values at Risk;
these secondary data layers integrate, in turn, producing the
composite map.
Figure 16
Sample FCS-1 Composite Map of Wildfire Hazard for a region
within the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico USA: The AHP computes
weights for each data layer (Figure 5.15) based on stakeholder
responses. Darkest cells represent highest wildfire hazard priority
areas.
Figure 17
Primary succession begins anew after the Cerro Grande fire scorched
the Jemez Mountains in and around Los Alamos, New Mexico. We
will not see this forest return in our lifetimes, nor will our children.
CHAPTER 6
Figure 1
Solifluction terraces along Lee Ridge in Glacier National Park,
Montana
Figure 2
Sturzstrom debris on Gable Mountain, Glacier National Park,
Montana.
Figure 3
Debris left from a rockslide in Glacier National Park, Montana, July
1998
Figure 4
Talus cones at the base of steep slopes near Ptarmigan Tunnel in
Glacier National Park, Montana
Figure 5
Turtle Mountain showing the talus slopes and Frank slide scar in
1999. Boulders in the foreground were deposited by the 1903 Frank
slide.
Figure 6
Madison River, Canyon and Slide, Montana, USA
Figure 7
Rock and Snow Avalanche, Mt. Hauscáran, Peru
Figure 8
Japan landslide mitigation works
CHAPTER 7
Figure 1
Drought is the result of the interaction of variable rainfall and
vulnerable human systems
Figure 2
The extent of the drought in southern Africa in 1991-92
Figure 3
Drought-affected area of the United States from 1895 to 2001
(percentage )
Figure 4
The Hydro-illogical cycle
CHAPTER 8
Figure 1a-b
A composite map of typhoon tracks in the seas around Japan between
1945 and 2003
Figure 2
GMS Photograph of a typical winter monsoon pattern over Japan
(December 24, 1985)
Figure 3a-b
Measures taken in Taro harbour on the Sanriku coast to counter
tsunamis
Figure 4
Epicentres of earthquakes which triggered tsunamis and the
propagation times across the Pacific. (a) an earthquake off the coast
of Japan on March 3, 1933; (b) an earthquake off the coast of Chile
on May 23, 1960
Figure 5
The pyroclastic flow from Mt Unzen-Fugen-dake on June 3, 1991
Figure 6
Onioshidashi at the northern foot of Mt. Asama, where 1400 people
died in a single day
Figure 7
Tsunami travelling time chart accompanied by the earthquake off
Southwest Hokkaido
Figure 8
Location map of the Kobe earthquake of January 17th 1995 and a
seismograph trace of the aftershocks
Figure 9
Kobe, the day after the 1995 earthquake. (a) A pharmacy building in
Chuo-ku, Kobe, (b) This quay collapsed under the effects of
liquefaction, (c) Matsuno Street, Nagata-ku, Kobe.
CHAPTER 9
Figure 1
Economic losses from natural disasters as a percentage of Gross
Domestic Product: 1977 – 1994
CHAPTER 10
Figure 1
Disasters in Oceania, 1993 – 1997
Figure 2
Disasters caused by various natural hazards in Oceania, 1993 – 1997
Figure 3
Damage from the 16 August 1976 earthquake in the Moro Gulf of the
Philippines
Figure 4
Tsunami, coastline of Papua New Guinea, August 1998
Figure 5
Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, the Philippines, 1991
CHAPTER 11
Figure 1
The riverine environment of Bangladesh makes it susceptible to
annual flooding
Figure 2
River bank erosion in Bangladesh
Figure 3
Three views of the devastated landscape of the Bangladesh delta
lands
Figure 4
A cyclone shelter in the delta lands of Bangladesh
Figure 5
The main fault line (subduction zone) which runs along the
Himalayas and southward past Indonesia
CHAPTER 12
Figure 1
Vulnerability and natural disasters
Figure 2
The famine syndrome
CHAPTER 13
Figure 1
Damage to property caused by the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Soviet
Armenia
Figure 2
Precipitation in Russia
Figure 3
Evapotranspiration in Russia; when evapotranspiration exceeds
precipitation, the potential for drought hazard increases
Figure 4
Drought and desertification within Russia
Figure 5
Snow redistributed by winds resulting in drifting as a natural hazard
Figure 6
The Vaisirek glacier tongue in the Pamir Mountains after a surge
shows evidence of rapid movement (major crevices) and hazards to
the lower glacial valley
CHAPTER 14
Figure 1
Natural Disasters in Europe between 1990 and 1999
Figure 2
Delta region South of Rotterdam
Figure 3
Flooding along the Waal in 1995
Figure 4
The drainage basin of the River Rhine
Figure 5
Site of the 1963 landslide and flood disaster at Longarone
Figure 6
Mt. Etna is monitored using air photos to study ash and lava deposit
Figure 7
The main lava flow is visible in the lower right part of the air photo
CHAPTER 15
Figure 1
Significant earthquakes in Central America
Figure 2
Total destruction to a Mexico City hospital in the 1985 earthquake
Figure 3
Tropical storms and hurricanes in Central America
Figure 4
Hurricane Mitch stalls off the coast of Honduras (October 1988)
Figure 5
Hurricane Gilbert approaches the Yucatán Peninsula (September
1988)
Figure 6
Volcanoes in Mexico and Central America
Figure 7
Volcanoes in South America
Figure 8
Mud and ash flows from Nevado del Ruíz killed 23,000 in Armero,
Colombia (1985)
Figure 9
Municipios of El Salvador
Figure 10
Population density at the municipio level in El Salvador
Figure 11
Mapping multiple criteria simultaneously in GIS
Figure 12
Densely populated municipios at risk of flood and/or landslide
CHAPTER 16
Figure 1
Natural disaster events in the Caribbean: 1990 – 1997. The figure
for conflicts refers to separate conflict situations from 1993-1995
only.
Figure 2
The Island of Monserrat and the Soufriere Hills Volcano
Figure 3
The consequences of a natural disaster in the Caribbean
CHAPTER 18
Figure 1
The three dimensions of an environmental education program
Figure 2
A model of “planet earth” that can help students to develop
understanding of the earth as an interdependent closed system.
Figure 3
Students participate in positive action programs to protect or
improve local environments.
Figure 4
Working collaboratively develops important skills of sharing,
negotiating, and decision making. It highlights our interdependence
with others.
Figure 5
An Australian student’s initial ideas about a volcanic eruption
Figure 6
Role play helps students to see environmental issues from a range of
perspectives and can be the basis for values exploration.
Figure 7
A student's written comments on a television program about natural
disasters
Figure 8
Australian student’s summary of a discussion on an earthquake in
India
Figure 9
Australian student’s ideas for reducing the risk of flooding at his
school
CHAPTER 20
Figure 1
A model of the coping process in natural disasters
Figure 2
Drawing by a child following the Loma Prieta earthquake in
California in 1989
CHAPTER 22
Figure 1
Two Colombian high school students examine evacuation notices and
fire extinguishers in their school
Figure 2
The handbook and other materials prepared for schools to help with
designing their risk management plan
Figure 3
The conceptual structure of the disaster prevention and assistance
program
Figure 4
Students report on natural hazards in their local area
Figure 5
Centrally produced curriculum materials for primary students
CHAPTER 24
Figure 1
The Regional Distribution of Natural Hazards in New Zealand
Figure 2
The relationship between the prescribed common topics
Figure 3
School Choices for the Year 11 New Zealand natural
hazards topic
Figure 4
Students from Palmerston North High School surveying a laharprone stream with Mount Ruapehu (an active volcano) in the
background
Figure 5
Waahi Pai - a simulation worksheet
Figure 6
Map of Waahi Pai for disaster simulation.
CHAPTER 25
Figure 1
The political systems
WORLD FIGURES
Africa
Figure A.1
People affected by Natural Disasters between 1971 – 2000 in Africa
Figure A.2
The Volta River flood in Ghana in October 1998 compared to
October 1999
Figure A.3
Major volcanoes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Figure A.4
Major volcanoes, Cameroon, West Africa
Antarctica
Figure A.5
Major volcanoes of Antarctica
Asia
Figure A.6
Floods in Bangladesh, April 2004
Figure A.7
Killed from earthquake events since 1995: Asia and Pacific
Figure A.8
Super Typhoon Nida in the Western Pacific Ocean
Figure A.9
Major volcanoes of the Philippines
Figure A.10
Major volcanoes of Indonesia
Figure A.11
Major volcanoes of Papua New Guinea
Australia
Figure A.12
Drought in Australia
Figure A.13
Fires in Western Australia
Europe
Figure A.14
Major volcanoes of Greece
Figure A.15
Major volcanoes of Italy
Figure A.16
Fires in South-Central Russia, May 2004
North America
Figure A.17
Hurricane Andrew, 1992
Figure A.18
Observed fire danger, 12 May 2004
Figure A.19
Flood Risk
Figure A.20
Active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc, Alaska
Figure A.21
US Drought Monitor
South America
Figure A.22
South Atlantic Hurricane
Figure A.23
Fires in Central-South America
World
Figure A.24
Last 30 Days of Earthquake Activity (May 15, 2004)
Figure A.25
Distribution of natural disasters, by country and type of phenomena
(1975 – 2001)