ASP TANZANIA
Terms of References
Inventory verification – farms and small scale farmers
1.0 Introduction to the Tanzania ASP project
Tanzania is one of the countries in Africa that is critically affected by accumulation
of obsolete pesticides. An indicative inventory was
conducted by the
Government of the United Republic of Tanzania in 1997/98, through its National
Environment Management Council (NEMC). About 1200 metric tons of obsolete
pesticides were identified. The stocks are scattered in over 350 stores
countrywide, and in most cases these stocks can be considered as posing a direct
threat to human health and the environment.
The obsolete pesticide stocks include over 30% of organo-chlorinated products,
notably DDT, which are classified among the Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs).
Tanzania was subsequently included among the first seven countries to benefit
from the financing through the Africa Stockpiles Programme (ASP) funded by
GEF and other multilateral donors; other countries being Ethiopia, South Africa,
Mali, Morocco, Tunisia and Nigeria.
ASP aims at eliminating publicly held obsolete pesticide stocks and associated
waste; and implementing measures to reduce and prevent future accumulation
and related risks.
The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) which is within the Vice
President’s Office (Environmental Affairs) is the executing agency for ASP –
Tanzania. The Programme is executed through a Project Management Unit
headed by a National Project Coordinator.
For operational purposes, the country is divided into 5 existing Agricultural Zones
in Tanzania Mainland headed by Zonal Coordinators of the Plant Health Services
Department of the ministry responsible for agriculture. Zanzibar is assigned to
Zone Six. The six zones comprise therefore the five agriculture zones in the
Mainland Tanzania which are: Coastal Zone (regions of Dar es Salaam, Coast,
Lindi and Mtwara), Central Zone (Morogoro, Dodoma and Singida regions),
Northern Zone (Arusha, Manyara, Kilimanjaro, and Tanga regions), Western Zone
(Shinyanga, Mwanza, Mara, Kagera, Kigoma and Tabora) and Southern Highland
Zone (Mbeya, Iringa, Ruvuma and Rukwa). The sixth zone is Zanzibar comprising
the isles of Unguja and Pemba.
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2.0 Progress on the current inventory and way forward
Detailed inventory of obsolete pesticides under ASP commenced in December
2008 immediately after training on inventory undertaking conducted in Arusha.
The inventory started with the Coastal Zone where about 300 tons of obsolete
pesticides were recorded. By April 2009, the inventory exercise has been
completed in Coastal, Central and Northern Zone. The Inventory team is currently
undertaking inventory in the Western Zone to be followed by Southern Highland
zone before concluding the entire inventory exercise with Zanzibar.
The inventory process for Tanzania builds on previous inventories carried out in
1997/98 and identifies new stockpiles through media outreach, and visits to
Ministry of Agriculture stores where new accumulations may be stored. In addition
to these major sources of obsolete pesticides, it is likely that stockpiles have also
accumulated in private farms and among small-scale farmers. The following
additional sectors were identified early in the ASP development:
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Small scale farmers
Commercial Farmers (Owners, workers)
Cooperative Unions
Urban Household users
Town / Village Markets
Government Ministries e.g. Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and
Cooperatives (MAFCS), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Ministry of
Education, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, and the Ministry of
Home Affairs.
Stockists
Formulators
Contract Applicators
3.0 Overall methodology
The main methodologies for identifying and assessing such stockpiles include site
visits, questionnaire, literature review and statistical survey. FAO guidance is
available on all these methodologies.
It is expected that inventory of small scale farms (SSF) will be through statistical
method and literature reviews. Prior to administering data collection
questionnaires to SSF, NGOs may hold some discussion meetings with small
groups of small scale farmers to explore valuable information about pesticide
usage, obsoletes, container management, illegal import and use of pesticides,
and the level of knowledge on its safe use.
On the other hand, the applicable methodology for inventory in commercial farms
could be literature review to identify the private farms, and questionnaire. The
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information gathered could be statistically treated to project national estimation
for obsolete pesticides in these sectors.
4.0 Rationale for addressing private and small scale farmers through NGOs
Small-scale farmers are a key target audience, as they are likely to own small
quantities of stocks of obsolete pesticides, which are however of high risk due to
the common conditions of storage of pesticides generally and the low level of
awareness of the risks that obsolete pesticides pose (in terms of health,
environment, and development of pest resistance for example). However, the
amounts, types and conditions of storage of these stocks are almost entirely unquantified at present. CSOs/NGOs have a comparative advantage in identifying
these stocks as they will be able to access information that may be withheld from
government investigators. Workers and owners of commercial farms, cooperative
unions, and stockists are also important stakeholders to include in this survey of
non-government owned stocks.
5.0 Duties of the selected Lead NGO
The ASP Project Management Unit (PMU) wishes to collaborate with NGOs
preferably registered with ASP (T) Network in order to identify, quantify and
assess the risk of privately held stocks of obsolete pesticides in the country.
The ASP Tanzania Network of NGOs and CSOs (ASP (T) Network) has been
working closely with the project since its inception and have been involved in
inventory training.
The Tanzania ASP Project will support the ASP (T) Network and/or the selected
Lead NGO to:
5.1 Develop and test questionnaires for identifying quantities, types and conditions
of storage of stockpiles held by commercial farms and small-scale farmers.
These questionnaires should allow comparison with other ASP inventory
forms, and ultimately permit assessment of site/ stockpile risk according to
ASP protocols;
5.2 Identification of appropriately qualified and experienced NGOs/CSOs in each
zone to carry out field work on a sub-contractual basis
5.3 Develop a sampling strategy and survey methodology to get a representative
sample of the farms and farmers, including:
5.3.1 Identification of baseline data on numbers and locations of farmers
and farms in each of the six zones
5.3.2 Calculation of a statistically relevant representative sample of these
farmers
5.3.3 Work-plan and budget for visiting farmers and farms including key
assumptions on number of visits, time and distance per visit, number
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of surveyors needed, including desk work for questionnaire
development,
5.3.4 Field instruction for zonal NGOs/CSOs to enable them undertake
the inventory at their respective zones as appropriate.
5.4
Agreement of the questionnaires, strategy and methodology and sign-off by
the ASP PMU and coordination with District Agricultural Officers as needed;
5.5
Carry out the survey using the agreed questionnaire and survey
methodology, including provision of adequate instructions to the identified
NGOs at their respective zones;
5.6
Submit a brief report on each zone, and a consolidated report for the whole
country, including:
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
Summary of compiled data for the zones and sites visited
An estimated total amount and distribution of obsolete
stockpiles among the whole country
Assessment of the risk of the visited sites using ASP risk
evaluation protocols; and
Proposal for an approach to deal with these stocks within the
framework of the Africa Stockpiles Programme.
6.0 Criteria for the selection of Lead NGO
The Lead NGO will be selected on the basis of its competence and experience in
chemicals management and in conducting risk assessments related to hazardous
chemicals in general and of pesticides in particular.
The Lead NGO should preferably be registered with ASP (T) Network.
The ASP (T) Network or/and the selected Lead NGO will be provided with the
necessary ASP guideline materials and operational tools to facilitate their work.
This will include the ASP inventory forms and the ASP risk evaluation protocols.
7.0 Time Frame and Budget
The work is expected to be completed within 4 months spread out between June
and November 2009. As provided in Section 5.3.3, the successful Lead NGO will
be required to work out a detailed work-plan and budget that is within the
stipulated time frame.
The total cost of the consultancy should not exceed $24,000 for the entire work.
This should cover all costs relating to preparation of the survey plan
(questionnaire, sampling strategy, survey methodology, and instructing competent
local NGOs based at the six zones), as well as any local travel, meetings with
farmers, subsistence and other costs for time spent devoted to project
implementation.
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