Norm
Challenges to Norms
Insitutional
Safeguards
Challenges to Safeguards
All norms listed
personal, career and institutional
ambitions, pressures
internalization of norm
peer pressure
formal sanctions
safeguards may be weak or
ineffective
Universalism
judge research on its merits
prestige of researcher or
institution
demographic biases
blind reviews
small scientific sub-community
possible cues in research report
Organized Skepticism
challenge and question all new
ideas
and
Disinterestedness
openmindedness - don’t be too
attached to one perspective or idea
tendency to accept ideas close to
multiple reviewers
your own, reject those that differ
desire to promote own theories and
research
reviewers may have similar biases,
especially if new ideas represent a
minority view
Communalism
share knowledge, describe research
in detail and
Honesty
report results truthfully and fully
Competition
Rewards: professional, financial
standard one:
safeguards may be weak or
ineffective
standard ones:
internalization of norm
peer pressure
formal sanctions