Name___Key_______________
13-1 Changing the Living World
1. Name two breeds of dog mentioned in the first paragraph: Any listed: poodle, German Shepherd, border
collie, Great Dane, Chihuahua, labradore, bulldog, etc…Maltese  (not listed but what I have).
2. What process resulted in all the different breeds of dogs? selective breeding
3. Define hybridization: crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms
4. The continued breeding of individuals with the same characteristics is called_Inbreeding_
5. What is the risk of inbreeding? _Higher chance that a recessive disorder will be expressed________
6. Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations_
7. Describe a type of bacteria that has been mutated to be useful: ____oil – eating bacteria ( fig 13-3)
8. A polyploidy plant has many sets of Chromosomes
9. Give an example of a polyploidy plant: day lilies, strawberries, bananas, etc…_______
13-2 Manipulating DNA
10. DNA can be manipulated by using different techniques are used to
a. extract DNA from cells
b. cut DNA into smaller pieces
c. identify sequences of bases
d. _make unlimited copies of DNA__
11. DNA can be extracted from cells using a simple chemical procedure.
12. A _restriction enzyme is used to cut DNA into small fragments.
13. Gel Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA.
14. What happens when an electric current is applied to DNA fragments? DNA fragments separate, moves
through holes in gel, smaller pieces are faster than larger pieces. They move toward the positive electrode.
DNA is negatively charged.
15. The enzyme that copies DNA is called DNA ___polymerase______________
16. Dye is added to the unknown sequence of DNA, each base then has a different ___color and a different
length.
17. Recombinant DNA molecules include natural DNA and ____synthetic _________ DNA.
18. The polymerase chain reaction is used to do what? ___make many copies of a particular gene________
19. DNA polymerase makes copies of DNA between the ____primers__________________
20. Where did the enzyme used in PCR come from? ___bacteria, living in Hot Springs of Yellowstone National
Park
________
13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
1. What does luciferase do? __Bioluminescence, glows in the dark___
2. Luciferase was added to what plant? __tobacco________
3. What is a transgenic organism? _has genes from another species___
4. Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of _biotechnology_____, which is a new industry that is
changing the way we __interact__ with the living world.
5. Name three substances that are made by transformed bacteria to help treat human disorders:
____insulin, human growth hormone, clotting factors_______
6. In order to study the immune system, what animal was given human genes? _mice_
7. Extra copies of growth hormone were given to what animal? livestock__
8. Name two crops in the United States that are genetically modified: corn, soybeans_______
9. What has been added to rice to improve its nutrition? _vitamin A__
Cloning
10. A _clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells.
11. In 1997, what was the first animal ever cloned? _sheep What was the name given to this animal?
___dolly____
12. Why is cloning technology controversial? there are ethical concerns and issues with genetic defects/ health
issues of the clone
13. Label (Figure 13-13)
A:
B.
C.
D.
_Donor cell_______
_Two cells fused with electric shock_____________________
__egg cell; nucleus removed____________________
___embryo is implanted__________
14. The fused cell becomes the____embryo______________ which is implanted into the uterus of a foster
mother.
15. The baby (cloned lamb) will look like the [original cell donor / foster mother / egg donor ]
NAME ________________________________
CHAPTER 14 QUESTIONS
Human Genome
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Circle the letter of the answer that best completes the sentence.
A family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations is called a
_____________________
A. karyotype
B. Punnett square
C. pedigree
D. periodic table
A person that has ONE copy of an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE allele and does not express the trait, but can
pass it along to his/her offspring is called a __________________.
A. mutant
B. carrier
C. gene marker
The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called ____________________
A. segregation
B. codominance
C. sex-linkage
D. nondisjunction
This picture of an organism’s chromosomes is called a
_________
A. pedigree
B. Punnett square
C. karyotype
The person shown at the left is a __________ because they have two X chromosomes.
A. male
B. female
The chromosomes that DO NOT determine sex are called ____________________
A. sex chromosomes
B. autosomes
C. gene markers
D. pedigree partners
Which parent determines the sex of the baby?
A. father
B. mother
The dense region in the nucleus of female cells that forms when one of the X chromosomes is randomly
inactivated is called a _____________________ body.
A. Turner
B. Klinefelter
C. Huntington
D. Barr
Most sex-linked genes are found on the _______________
A. Y chromosome
B. O chromosome
C. X chromosome
D. #21 chromosome
Which of the following genetic disorders results from nondisjunction?
A. hemophilia
B. PKU
C. sickle cell disease
D. Turner’s syndrome
Which of the following is an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT genetic disorder?
A. Colorblindness
B. Huntington’s disease
C. Down syndrome
D. Tay-Sachs disease
Which of the following is an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE genetic disorder?
A. Colorblindness
B. Huntington’s disease
C. Tay-Sachs disease
D. Down syndrome
Heterozygous persons with one sickle cell allele and one normal allele also show resistance to ___________.
A. malaria
B. yellow fever
C. strep throat
D. measles
Which food group must persons with PKU avoid in order to prevent retardation?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Fats
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic acids
Which genetic disorder is more common in Caucasians?
A. sickle cell anemia
B. Tay-Sachs
C. cystic fibrosis
D. hemophilia
What genetic disorder can be detected in the karyotype
shown at the left?
A. Down syndrome
B. Turner syndrome
C. sickle cell disease
D. PKU
E. Klinefelter syndrome
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
CIRCLE ALL that are TRUE.
Which family members are females?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which members of this family show the trait?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which members of this family are carriers for the trait?
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which member of this family is a MALE without the trait?
A
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
B
*
C
*
D
*
E
*
F
*
*
*
*
SHORT ANSWER:
Explain why X-linked disorders like colorblindness, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy are carried by females
BUT show up more frequently in MALES. (Hint: males are Xy; females are XX)
x-linked disorders are carried on the X chromosome. Females must inherit two X chromosomes with the
recessive allele to express the disorder. Males (XY) will show the disorder if their X chromosome carries
the recessive allele.
Explain why eating “sugar free” foods causes a person with Phenylketonuria to become retarded.
Most sugar free foods, have sugar substitutes that will contain the amino acid phenylalanine. Individuals
with PKU can not break down phenylalanine.
How are cells with MONOSOMY different from HAPLOID cells?
Monosomy is when only one of the chromosomes is present, but the rest are diploid. This is due to
nondisjunction during meiosis. Haploid cells are when ALL chromosomes have only 1 copy, due to the
separation of homologous pairs during meiosis 1.
MATCH THE GENETIC DISORDER WITH ITS DESCRIPTION
DISCRIPTION of DISORDER
Brain deteriorates starting about age 30-40.
NAME
HUNTINGTON’S
CAUSE
Autosomal Dominant
Lose ability to walk, talk, think→ early death;
Caused by extra CAG repeats in the code
Autosomal Codominant
Abnormal hemoglobin protein causes red blood
cells to sickle; causes circulatory problems and
SICKLE CELL
organ damage; caused by SUBSTITUTION A→T
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
Autosomal recessive
COLORBLINDNESS
X-linked recessive
HEMOPHILIA
X-linked recessive
DOWN SYNDROME
Nondisjunction
TURNER
Nondisjunction
KLINEFELTER
Nondisjunction
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Autosomal recessive
Progressive weakening and loss of skeletal
DUCHENNE MUSCULAR
X-linked recessive
muscles causing paralysis and eventual death
DYSTROPHY
Eating foods containing phenylalanine causes
mental retardation; enzyme to break down
phenylalanine doesn’t work; All babies born in TX
are tested for this
Inability to distinguish the colors
(especially red from green)
X-linked recessive disorder in which the protein
that clots blood is missing causing excessive
bleeding after injuries
Trisomy-21; Three #21 chromosomes;
characteristic facial features; slanted eyes;
mental retardation; some heart defects;
X0 females; females have only one X
chromosome;
infertility;
Males with extra X chromosomes (XXy, XXXy,
XXXXy); infertility; males with some female
characteristics;
Protein for transporting Cl
–
ions doesn’t work;
Thick mucous clogs lungs and digestive organs
Disorder in which lipids accumulate in the brain
TAY-SACHS
Autosomal recessive
ACHONDROPLASIA
Autosomal Dominant
causing retardation, blindness and early death
“Dwarfism”; defect in bone formation causing
normal sized head/torso, but short arms/legs