Topic # 6.6
GPS: 7b
Properties & Nomenclature
of Acids & Bases
Date: _____/_____/_____
Part I: General Properties of Acids & Bases
 acids and bases are found in many _________
items, like _____, _______, and ________.
 acids give _____ ______ their ____ flavor, and
____ ______ their ____ flavor
 bases are found in both ____ and powerful
______, like soap and ______, and also in many ________, such as Tums
 acids and bases have distinct _________ that distinguish them:
Acid Properties
Base Properties
aqueous solutions have a _____ flavor
aqueous solutions have a _______ flavor
change the color of indicators to ____
change the color of indicators to _____
react with ______ to form ___ gas
aqueous solutions feel ________
are considered “________”
are considered “________”
some can be __________
can cause ______ ____ by dissolving ______
named using _____ nomenclature
named using _____ ____ like always
Properties of Both Acids and Bases
acids react with bases to form a salt (a metal + a halogen) and water
both produce electrolytes in aqueous solutions (extent depends on polarity)
Part II: Definitions of Acids & Bases
 there are two distinct __________ that describe the sort of _________ that can be called
acids and bases: Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry
 Arrhenius Acids & Bases
 the general Arrhenius acid and base definition depends on what _____ a compound
makes in _______ solution:
Arrhenius Acids
Arrhenius Bases
produce ________ ions (___)
produce ________ ions (___)
ex:
ex:
 this definition is the most ________, meaning relatively ____ substances can be
considered Arrhenius acids or bases because of the _____ they must make in order
to ____ the definition.
 Brønsted-Lowry Acids & Bases
 the general Brønsted-Lowry acid and base definition depends on whether the
compound can be considered a ______ _____ or a ______ ________:
Brønsted-Lowry Acids
Brønsted-Lowry Bases
______ protons (in the form of ___) _______ protons (usually have a ____. charge)
ex:
ex:
 to ______ a proton means to produce an ___ ion in aqueous solution, so a BrønstedLowry acid is essentially defined the _____ way as an Arrhenius acid
 the ability to ______ a proton is the ability to gain __ or _____ H+ ions and form a
new, _______ compound, so a Brønsted-Lowry base is, by definition, ________ from
an Arrhenius base. This means that all B-L bases must have a _____. charge.
 this definition is the _____ exclusive, meaning _____ substances can be considered
B-L acids or bases because there are less _____ a compound must ____ in order to
fit the definition.
Part III: Acid & Base Strength
 the ________ of an Arrhenius acid or base
depends _____ on the _______ of ___________/
____________ the acid or base undergoes
 in other words, the higher the _________ of the
acid or base, the ________ it is
Part IV: Acid Nomenclature
 acids are distinguished from _____ substances by
the presence of one or more _______ ions (H+) or
hydrogen atoms at the ________ of the formula.
 to _____ an acid correctly, you must know the
_____ of acid it is. There are ___ types of acids:
Binary Acids and Oxyacids
 binary acid = an acid consisting of only __ elements. One of the elements is always
________, and the other is usually a ________ or other _________.
 to name a binary acid, follow this procedure:
(HCl as an example)
1. use the prefix “______-”
hydro__________
2. name the _______ the H is bonded to
chlorine
3. take the ______ off the element name
hydrochlor4. add the ______ “-___” to the element name
hydrochloric
5. add the separate word “_____” to the end
hydrochloric acid
 try naming/formulating these binary acids:
 HBr = ________________________
 hydrofluoric acid = __________
 HI = ________________________
 hydroxic acid = __________
 H2S = ________________________
 hydroselenic acid = __________
 oxyacid = an acid consisting of __ or ____ elements. One of the elements is always
________, and the other 2 or more come from a __________ ____ (PAI).
 to name a oxyacid, follow this procedure:
(H2CO3 as an example)
1. name the ____ the H is bonded to
carbonate
2. take the ______ off the PAI name
carbon3. add a suffix to the PAI name—if the PAI ends in:
a. “-____,” use the suffix “-____”
b. “-____,” use the suffix “-___”
carbonic
4. add the separate word “_____” to the end
carbonic acid
 try naming/formulating these oxyacids:
 HNO3 = ______________________
 permanganic acid = __________
 H2SO4 = ______________________
 chloric acid = __________
 H2SO3 = ______________________
 chlorous acid = __________
 HBrO = _______________________  phosphoric acid = __________
Some Common Industrial Acids
Topic # 6.6
GPS: 7b
Date: _____/_____/_____
The properties of acids make them important chemicals both in the laboratory and in industry.
Sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and acetic acid are all common
industrial acids.
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric acid is the most commonly produced industrial chemical in the world. More than 47
million tons of it are made each year in the United States alone. Sulfuric acid is used in large
quantities in petroleum refining and metallurgy as well as in the manufacture of fertilizer. It is also
essential to a vast number of industrial processes, including the production of metals, paper, paint,
dyes, detergents, and many chemical raw materials. Sulfuric acid is the acid used in automobile
batteries.
Because it attracts water, concentrated sulfuric acid is an effective dehydration (waterremoving) agent. It can be used to remove water from gases with which it does not react. Sugar and
certain other organic compounds are also dehydrated by sulfuric acid. Skin contains organic
compounds that are attacked by concentrated sulfuric acid, which can cause serious burns.
Nitric Acid
Pure nitric acid is a volatile, unstable liquid rarely used in
industry or laboratories. Dissolving the acid in water provides
stability. Nitric acid stains proteins yellow. The feather in this
picture was stained by nitric acid. The acid has a suffocating
odor, stains skin, and can cause serious burns. It is used in
making explosives, many of which are nitrogen containing
compounds. It is also used to make rubber, plastics, dyes, and
pharmaceuticals. Initially, nitric acid solutions are colorless;
however, upon standing, they gradually become yellow because
of slight decomposition to brown nitrogen dioxide gas.
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphorus, along with nitrogen and potassium, is an essential element for plants and animals.
The bulk of phosphoric acid produced each year is used directly for manufacturing fertilizers and
animal feed. Dilute phosphoric acid has a pleasant but sour taste and is not toxic. It is used as a
flavoring agent in beverages and as a cleaning agent for dairy equipment. Phosphoric acid is also
important in the manufacture of detergents and ceramics.
Hydrochloric Acid
The stomach produces HCl to aid in digestion. Industrially, hydrochloric acid is important for
“pickling” iron and steel. Pickling is the immersion of metals in acid solutions to remove surface
impurities. This acid is also used in industry as a general cleaning agent, in food processing, in the
activation of oil wells, in the recovery of magnesium from sea water, and in the production of other
chemicals.
A dilute solution of hydrochloric acid, commonly referred to as muriatic acid, may be found in
hardware stores. It is used to maintain the correct acidity in swimming pools and for general
cleaning of masonry.
Acetic Acid
Concentrated acetic acid is a clear, colorless, pungent-smelling liquid known as glacial acetic
acid. This name derives from the fact that pure acetic acid has a freezing point of only 17°C. It can
form crystals in a cold room. The fermentation of certain plants produces vinegars containing
acetic acid. White vinegar contains 4–8% acetic acid. Acetic acid is important industrially in
synthesizing chemicals used in the manufacture of plastics. It is a raw material in the production of
food supplements—for example, lysine, an essential amino acid. Acetic acid is also used as a
fungicide.