Design And Construction Of An Electronic Dice Display
With Audio Unit
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
ii
Approval page
iii
Dedication
iv
Acknowledgement
v
Abstract
vi
Organization of work
viii
List of figures
x
List of table
xii
Table of content
xiii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1
1.0
Statement of problem
1
1.1
purpose of study
2
1.2
Aims and objectives
2
1.3
Scope
3
1.4
Limitations
3
1.5
Definitions of terms
5
2
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
9
CHAPTER THREE
Description and Analysis of the Existing System
15
Organization structure
16
Objectives of the existing system
17
CHAPTER FOUR
Design of the New System
18
Output specification and design
20
Input specification and design
29
File design
38
Procedure chart
39
System flow chart
41
System requirement
42
CHAPTER FIVE
Implementation
47
Program flowchart
49
CHAPTER SIX
3
Documentation
51
CHAPTER SEVEN
Recommendation and Conclusion
53
7.1
Recommendation
53
7.2
Conclusion
53
Reference
55
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Instrumentation
engineering
has
advanced
widely
with
the
introduction of medium scale integration (MSI), large scale integration (LSI)
and very large scale intergration (VLSI). For purpose of accuracy and
reliability, analogue instruments are being replaced by the digital ones. The
electronic dice display (DD) with audio unit is among this new bread of
instruments.
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1.0
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The design of an electronic dice display is invented because of the
quest for reducing strenuous activities encountered by man, especially in the
area of its recreational activities. This device is used in indo game. The
indo game in its manual operation can be manipulated by the experts so that
it can no longer be a game of chance. Sometimes players can employ tricks
on their opponents when playing the game, for example, of the both players
are not vigilant, one of them can event thoart the dice and claimed that
nothing happened. The players too may get tired after playing two or three
times because of the stress in shaking and playing the dice, the frequent
hitting of the dice’s can on the ludo board can even give cracks in the glass
covering the ludo board. One can even experience the dice getting cost in
the game because the dice is very small so if care is not taken it can fall out
from the board. All these problems were taken into consideration before
constructing the electronic dice display.
1.1
PURPOSE OF STUDY
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As stated earlier, the design of this device is to help man conguer his
environment with the advent of medium scale integration (MSI), integrated
circuits (IC) can be used to design devices. That can help man perform his
work effectively, with little or no stress and even sometimes at a cheaper
into.
The devices too will eradieated all the stress, tricks and pranks
encounted when playing ludo game.
1.2
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The device will in crease the fun derived in play the game, even little kids
can now join since they only need to press buttons for the device to work.
The game will now be prvely based on chance because all bias will be
eradicted no expert can manipulate the device no mater how many times you
use it. The normal phenomenon of playing tricks will be in thing of the past.
1.3
SCOPE
The work covered the playing and displaying of the number got. This means
that the device when switched on and start button is pressed it will be rapidly
displaying the numbers, that is, all the numbers of a ludo dice but when the
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stop button is dressed a particular number will be shown and this is the
number the player got. This means that the player still needs to get a ludo
board and the seeds for the game.
1.4
LIMITATIONS
It will be an unfair treatment to this project of the discussion of limitations
that handicapped this important research work is overlooked. Hence it is
considered necessary for it will be a stepping stone for the improvement in
further work.
The work is limited to just playing and displaying of the number got and the
generation of sound though enyshasis was not laid on the sound system.
Part of the limitations in this project is as a result of their non-inclusion in
the scope while others are due to constraints. The design specification was
to achieve an electronic dice display that can display from 1-6. also the
system is not protected from wrong voltage supplies. Voltage polarities
wrongly connected or supplies greater than the specified supply voltage will
damage the system.
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Most of the constraints were due to lack of tests with detailed
information on the theory and the practice of electronic dice display (EDD).
As 90% of the components are povety digital, they are not readily available
on the market, some of the components especially the transistors used in
sound display were not found in the market so I was forced to use the
equivalents as specified in the data book and when some of these
components are found they are usually very expensive.
Another problem was lack of equipment in to departmental laboratory
for the execution and monitoring of the project, some of the equipment used
in the other department market were bad and gave false result.
The
oscilloscope used was not supplicated enough to display very low frequency
outputs of about 1Hz. Also lack of textbooks was another major problem.
The few books seen treated components of dice display so shallowly. This
calls for designing and redesigning till a working circuit was realized.
1.5
DEFINITION OF TERMS
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And gate: it is a circuit which gives a high outputs (i.e logic 1= high and
logic 0= low, if all inputs are high. An and gate is represented by a dot to
indicate that it is a multiplicateion.
A
B
A.B
Fig 1.0 and gate
Capacitors: it provides a means of storing electrical energy in form of an
electric field.
Fig 1.1 capacitor
Counter: a circuit which gives output pulse for every 2 inputs pulses. If the
input pulses are irregular the circuit is regarded as counter. Counters usually
come as integrated circuit.
Decoder / driver; a decoder can be the reverse of on decoder circuit, there
are a variety of decoders designed for specific purpose. In this case it is
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used as a code commerted where it is required to covert from binary coded
decimal (BCD) to decimal.
Diode: Diodcs are two terminal devices which exhibit low resistance to
current flow in the other.
Flipflop: it is a combinational logic that can be able to hold one bit at a time.
Latch: a catch is a combination of flipflops, in ther particular (1c7474) latch,
it has a combination of 4 positive edge triggered flipflops. It changes state
on receipt of an input signal but this particular latch was connected in such a
way that it does not change state.
Multiobrator (astable): may are flipflop that has no stable states. It is called
astable or free running multivibrator. This type of logic circuitswitches back
and forth (osscilates) between unstable states. Useful for providing clock
signals for asynehrorous digital circuits.
Resistors: resistor provides us with a means of controlling voltage in a
circuit. I is necessary for the operation of every electonic circuit.
Seven segment display; this is a method of displaying the numberals from
0-9 by ollumenating or more elements out of the seven arranged in a form.
If all the elements 1,2, 7,5 and Y are alluminated a 5 is displayed. Seven
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segment display is extensively need in electronic equipment e.g recoders,
calculators and digital waltches.
1
2
3
6
7
5
Fig 1.2 seven segment display
Times: timers are used to generate continous waves or plulse frequency
which is usually used in clocking the counter. The 555 times is an 8- pin
deal in line package in both bipolar and CMOS forms.
Transistor: transistors are invariably silicon types and are available in either
n-p-nor p-n-p forms. They are usually used for unear applications such as
lower level amplification, for switching applications, high frequency
application and can also be designed to handle high voltage.
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