BIO 210 EXAM REVIEW
Note: This review is NOT necessarily comprehensive. You will need to study your notes
as well.
Chapter 1
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Explain the complementarity of structure and function
Anatomical position
10 characteristics of life
7 levels of organization
Body Regions
o 2 subdivisions
o Abdominal regions and abdominopelvic quadrants
2 body cavities and subdivisions
Directional terms
o Superior/inferior
o Anterior/posterior & ventral/dorsal
o Medial/lateral
o Proximal/distal
o Superficial/deep
Body planes-3 major
Homeostasis & components of control mechanisms
2 types of feedback and examples
Chapter 2
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Structure of an atom
4 major chemical elements that compose the human body
3 types of bonds
Electrolytes/ions
3 types of chemical reactions
Inorganic compounds/examples (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes)
pH and the pH scale
buffers
organic compounds – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (examples and
building blocks of each)
o dehydration synthesis
o metabolism, two processes; relate to ATP production
Chapter 3
o Two types of cell membranes, fluid mosaic model
o Phospholipids, hydrophilic & hydrophobic
o Cholesterol
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o 5 kinds of proteins
7 functions of cell membranes
6 organelles and functions
Cytoskeleton (cell fibers, centrioles)
o 3 cell extensions
4 structures in nucleus/functions of nucleus
Chapter 4
o 2 types of transport processes and characteristics of each
o 3 types of passive transport (including 2 special types of diffusion) and examples
o Isotonic/hypertonic/hypotonic
o 2 types of active transport & examples
o 2 major events of cell life cycle
o 2 steps in proteins synthesis
o Definition of DNA replication
o Difference between mitosis and meiosis
o Phases of mitosis and meiosis
Chapter 5
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4 major types of tissues
Matrix
2 major types of epithelial tissue
5 functions of epithelial tissue
4 general characteristics of epithelial tissue
Membranous epithelium
o 5 cell shapes
o 2 cell layers
2 types of glands
4 functions of connective tissue
4 general characteristics of connective tissue
4 types of connective tissue
3 types of muscle tissue and locations of each
2 types of nerve cells
2 types of body membranes and examples of each
Chapter 6
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2 layers of skin/features of each
3 cell types in epidermis
5 layers in epidermis
Turnover time and epidermal proliferating unit
5 structures present in dermis
2 layers of dermis
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Primary determinant of skin color
4 factors that affect melanin production
Changes in skin color not related to melanin production
7 functions of skin
Homeostatic control of blood temperature
3 types of burns and factors that determine
3 appendages of skin
Chapter 7
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2 primary tissues of skeletal system
4 types of bone
6 macroscopic structures of long bones
Macroscopic structure of short, flat, and irregular bones
Microscopic structure of compact bone
4 structures that compose Haversian systems/function of Haversian systems
Microscopic structure of cancellous bone
3 components of bone tissue
Bone matrix (inorganic and organic)
Protein fibers
3 types of bone cells
2 types of bone marrow
5 functions of bones
2 types of fetal bone formation (osteogenesis)
Bone growth: flat and long (length and diameter)
Bone growth and resorption through life
Fracture: definition, 4 stages of fracture healing
Characteristics of cartilage
3 types of cartilage
2 types of cartilage growth
Chapter 8
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2 divisions of the skeletal system
4 divisions of the axial skeleton
Skull bones: cranial, facial, and ear bones (names/numbers)
Hyoid bone
5 groups of vertebrae (names/numbers)
Sternum and ribs (true/false)
2 divisions of the appendicular skeleton
Bones of the upper extremities (names/numbers)
Bones of the lower extremities (names/numbers)
Bone markings of the skull (those listed on supplement 2)
Special features of the skull (sutures, fontanels, sinuses, orbits and bones that
compose orbits, nasal septum)
o Bone markings of the remainder of the bones (listed on supplement 2)
o Curves of the spinal/vertebral column
o Comparison of hands and feet
o Skeletal differences between men and women
Chapter 9
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Structural classification of joints (3)
Functional classification of joints (3)
Fibrous/synarthroses (3)
Cartliaginous/amphiarthroses (2)
7 structures of a synovial joint
6 angular movements
4 circular movements
Gliding movements
6 special movements
3 groups of synovial joints (names of subgroups and examples of each)
Most movable synovial joint
Most stable synovial joint
Major weight bearing synovial joint
Chapter 10
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3 types of muscle
3 tissues that compose skeletal muscles
6 types of connective tissue
6 types of fiber arrangements
2 points of muscle attachment (which one moves during a contraction?)
4 types of muscles in a muscle group
4 muscles of facial expression
2 muscles of mastication
Primary muscle that moves head
3 thorax muscles
4 abdominal wall muscles
2 muscles acting on the shoulder girdle
3 muscles that move the upper arm
4 muscles that move the forearm
8 muscles that move the fingers, hand, and wrist
11 muscles that move the thigh (including 2 groups)
8 muscles that move the lower leg (including 2 groups)
3 muscles that move the foot
Chapter 11
o 3 general functions of the muscular system
o 3 characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers
o 10 components of skeletal muscle fibers
o Mechanism of contraction: excitation, contraction (sliding filament theory),
relaxation
o All or none principle---applies to?
o Motor unit
o 6 basic principles of contraction
o 6 types of contractions
o Graded strength principle---applies to?
o 4 factors that affect graded strength principle
o Contrast and compare cardiac and smooth muscle
Chapter 12
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3 major organs of nervous system
3 primary functions of NS
2 types of nervous system cells
Glia: definition and 5 types
Major parts of a neuron
Axon coverings (relate to myelinated/unmyelinated nerve fibers)
Structural classification of neurons (3)
Functional classification of neurons (3)
Gray matter and white matter: names in CNS and PNS.
3 types of nerves
Reflex arcs: definition and 2 types
Reflex: definition and 2 types
2 factors that affect speed of nerve impulse conduction
Conduction of nerve impulses along plasma membrane (electrical):
o Resting membrane potential (polarization)
o Stimulus
o Action potential (nerve impulse/reverse polarization)
o Repolarization
o Refractory periods: definition and importance
o Conduction across synapses (chemical): 5 steps
Chapter 13
o Describe how the nervous system is organized based on the location of organs
o Describe how the nervous system is organized based on the direction neurons
carry nerve impulses
o Describe how the nervous system is organized based on effectors
innervated/regulated
o 2 covering for the brain and spinal cord
o 3 layers of meninges
o 3 spaces between/around meninges
o Cerebrospinal fluid: definition, function, fluid spaces: within brain (5), within
spinal cord (1), around brain and spinal cord (1)
o Describe formation/circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
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Spinal cord: nerve roots (2), functions of spinal cord (2)
2 types of spinal cord tracts and functions of each type
Brainstem: divisions (3), reticular formation, functions of brainstem (2)
Cerebellum: arbor vitae, functions of cerebellum (3)
3 components of the diencephalon
4 functions of the thalamus
6 functions of the hypothalamus
2 functions of the pineal body
Cerebrum: convolutions, sulci, cerebral tracts (3 kinds), cerebral nuclei, corpus
callosum
o Functions of the cerebral cortex: sensory, motor, integrative (4)
o 4 generalizations about cerebral functions
Chapter 14
o Spinal nerves: definition, number, identification, cauda equina, nerve type, rami,
nerve plexuses (4 major)
o Cranial nerves: definition, number, identification, nerve types, names, numbers,
functions
o Which nerves are included in the afferent division of the PNS?
o Which nerves are included in the efferent division of the PNS?
o Subdivisions of the efferent division (2)
o Autonomic Nervous System: divisions (2), functions
o Functions of the sympathetic division
o Functions of the parasympathetic division
Chapter 15
o Sensory receptors: definition, general function, characteristics, classification (5
types)
o Receptors responsible for somatic senses: location, types (3)
o Receptors responsible for special senses: location, types (4)
o Ear: divisions (3), bony labyrinth (3 regions), membranous labyrinth (3 regions),
fluids (2), function of ear (2)
o Eye: layers (3), vision receptors: location (which layer of eye?) and names of
vision receptors (2), fovea centralis, optic disc, cavities (2), humors (2)
o Extrinsic eye muscles: location, names, function
o Intrinsic eye muscles: location, names, function
o 3 steps involved in vision
o Accomodation: definition, importance, and mechanism (3)