UNIT 4 STUDY GUIDE
Name: __________________________
Period: ______
Chapter 4
Evolution and Biodiversity
1.
Differentiate between the following kinds of biodiversity:
species diversity –
ecological diversity –
functional diversity –
genetic diversity –
2.
Why should we care about biodiversity?
3.
Briefly summarize the theory of biological evolution by natural selection.
4.
Describe the role of fossils in the theory of evolution
5.
Thoroughly explain how the genetic makeup of a population can change and how certain individuals
can leave more offspring than others.
6.
Summarize and address three common misconceptions about evolution.
7.
How can geologic processes, climate change, and catastrophes affect biological evolution?
8.
Discuss the two most common methods of speciation.
9.
Why is species richness important?
10. Contrast an ecological niche with a habitat.
11. Distinguish between a specialist and a generalist.
Evaluate the conditions that favor these two approaches.
12. Why can indicator species be referred to as “biological smoke alarms”?
13. Discuss the importance of keystone species.
14. Give an example of each type of organism from a specific ecosystem:
Example
Native Species
Nonnative Species
Indicator Species
Keystone Species
Chapter 4 – Key Terms
(Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)
biological diversity (biodiversity) (p. 78)
biological evolution (p. 80)
natural selection (p. 80)
fossil record (p. 81)
genetic variability (p. 82)
mutations (p. 82)
adaptation or adaptive trait (p. 82)
heritable (p. 82)
differential reproduction (p. 82)
fitness (p. 84)
speciation (p. 86)
geographic isolation (p. 86)
reproductive isolation (p. 86)
extinction (p. 87)
endemic species (p. 87)
artificial selection (p. 88)
selective breeding (p. 88)
Ecosystem
genetic engineering (p. 88)
species diversity (p. 89)
species richness (p.89)
species evenness (p.89)
ecological niche (p. 91)
generalist species (p. 91)
specialist species (p. 92)
native species (p. 92)
nonnative species (invasive, alien, exotic)(p. 92)
indicator species (p. 93)
keystone species (p. 95)
top predator (p. 95)
foundation species (p. 95)
Chapter 5 – Sections 5-1, 5-2, and 5-4 (we are not doing Section 5-3 yet)
Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control
1.
Describe the competitive exclusion principle.
2.
Describe strategies that predators use to capture their prey.
3.
Describe the process of resource partitioning.
4.
Explain the following strategies prey species use to avoid predation and give an example of a species
that employs it.
Explanation
Example
camouflage
chemical
warfare
warning
coloration
mimicry
behavioral
strategies
5.
Give two examples of organisms engaged in these types of relationships/interactions:
Example 1
Interspecific
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
6.
Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
Chapter 5 – Sections 5-1, 5-2, and 5-4 – Key Terms
(Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)
interspecific competition (p. 101)
predation (p. 101, 102)
Example 2
coevolution (p. 104)
parasitism (p. 101, 105)
host (p. 101, 105)
mutualism (p. 101, 106)
commensalism (p. 101, 106)
ecological succession (p. 115)
primary succession (p. 115)
secondary succession (p. 115)
pioneer or early successional plant species (p. 116)
midsuccessional plant species (p. 116)
late successional plant species (p. 117)
climax community (p. 118)
Chapter 9
Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach
1.
Distinguish between background extinction and mass extinction.
2.
Discuss the role of humans on the rate of extinction at present.
3.
List eight characteristics that make species extinction prone.
4.
The acronym HIPPCO helps us remember the 6 major causes of premature biodiversity loss.
Explain what each letter represents.
5.
Name and briefly describe a far-reaching international treaty to protect wildlife.
6.
Name and describe the main components of “the most far-reaching environmental law ever adopted
by any country”.
7.
Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using wildlife refuges, gene banks, botanical gardens,
and zoos to protect wildlife.
Chapter 9 – Key Terms
(Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)
background extinction (p. 185)
extinction rate (p. 185)
mass extinction (p. 185)
local extinction (p. 185)
ecological extinction (p. 185)
biological extinction (p. 185)
endangered species (p. 186)
threatened (vulnerable) species (p. 186)
instrumental value (p. 189)
ecotourism (p. 190)
intrinsic or existence value (p. 191)
HIPPCO (p. 193)
habitat island (p. 193)
habitat fragmentation (p. 193)
poaching (p. 204)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (p. 206)
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (p. 207)
habitat conservation plans (HCPs) (p. 207)
gene (seed) banks (p. 208)
botanical gardens and arboretums (p. 209)
captive breeding (p. 209)
precautionary principle (p. 211)