Anatomy and Physiology
Major Course Assessment
Study Guide for Quarter 4
Concepts to Review and Study:
Please note that this list does not represent every detail that may appear on your
assessment, but does fully represent the major concepts being assessed. Keep
in mind we have been guided by several themes throughout this school year:
Form follows Function, Homeostasis, Diseases and Disorders, Interaction
between Systems, and Aging.
Nervous (Ch. 8):
 Anatomy of a Neuron and the role of each structure as it links to
the function of the cell.
 Function of Myelin
 3 Types of neurons and their functions
 Spinal cord function and the role of gray and white matter
(Reflex Arcs)
 Illustrate and explain transmission (action at nerve synapse)
 Physiology of an action potential
 Nervous response to stimuli
 Brain Trauma – identify area of brain and defend based on
symptoms
 Role of meninges and impact of meningitis
 Regions of the cerebrum (compartmentalization) and what they
do.
 Affects of anesthesia
 Function of the cerebellum
 Divisions of the nervous system and their role (PNS, CNS,
Afferent, Efferent, Somatic, Autonomic, Parasympathetic,
Sympathetic)
 Role of neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
 Functions of nervous system
 P. 149 diagram
Endocrine (Ch. 10):
 Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.
 Antagonistic regulation by the pancreas
 Three tier Endocrine Negative feed back loop (Hypothalamus
Ant. Pituitary  Another endocrine gland)
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Dual role of the Thymus gland
Compare and contrast steroid and peptide hormones
Growth hormone and impacts of hyper or hypo secretion of GH.
Diseases and Disorders of Endocrine (e.g. Addison’s,
Cushing’s, Dwarfism, SAD, Diabetes incipitus, Diabetes
Mellitus, etc.)
Regulation of calcium in the blood
Specific role of hormones (e.g. oxytocin, calcitonin, insulin,
TSH, ACTH, etc.)
Compare and contrast hypothalamic control of anterior or
posterior pituitary.
Steroid vs. peptide hormones
Functions of endocrine system
Anterior vs. Posterior Pituitary secretions
P. 186 diagram.
Blood (Ch. 11):
 Components of blood- know all constituents (plasma and
formed elements)
 Hemopoiesis, Erythropoesis, and Hemocytoblasts
 Structure/function of red blood cells vs. white blood cells
 Blood types
 Differences between granulocytes and agranulocytes
 Hemostasis - stages
 What are reticulocytes?
 Role of hemoglobin and significance of iron
Cardiovascular (Ch. 12):
 Location of cardiovascular organs (which cavity)
 All structures of heart- study your diagrams!!
 Flow of blood through the heart
 Coronary arteries and cardiac veins- location & function
 Histology of layers of heart (epicardium, myocardium,
endocardium)
 Cardiac cycle- heart sounds, nodes, systole, and diasystole
 Changes in fetal & adult circulation (compare pulmonary &
systemic circ.)
 Atherosclerosis, thromoboembolism, stroke, aneurysm, and
myocardial infarctions.
 Study diagram on p. 227 and 228 in book
Lymphatic (Ch. 13):
 Know all structures/functions
 Types of lymphocytes and functions
 Symptoms of inflammation, edema
 Types of immunity
 How does aging affect lymphatic system
 How does lymphatic help blood w/ homeostasis
 Primary and Secondary organs
Respiratory (Ch.14):
 Location/function of all respiratory structures
 Importance of respiratory membrane
 Histology of respiratory structures
 Inspiration, expiration
 Process of gas exchange in the lungs
 Sneeze vs. cough reflex
 Dual role of pharynx and epiglottis
 Structure and function of air passages
 Histology of respiratory structures
 Site of external vs. internal respiration
 Chronic bronchitis, Restrictive pulmonary obstruction, Asthma,
Emphazema
 Role of diaphragm
 P. 276 diagram in book.
Digestive (Ch.15):
 Functions of system
 Tunics (layers) of alimentary canal (histology)
 Role of parotid gland and link to mumps
 Cells that produce HCl, pepsinogen, mucous, etc.
 Roles of sphincters (e.g. pyloric and ileoceceal)
 Location of chemical digestion for macromolecules
 Enzymatic function on macromolecules (e.g. amylase)
 Role of mucous in digestive system.
 Acid Reflux, Appendicitis, Gallstones, Colitis
 P. 296 diagram in book
Urinary or Excretory System (Ch. 16):
 Functions of system
 Gross anatomy
 Form follows function of Histology of organs
 p. 324 diagram in book.