Year 11 Human Biology
Unit 8 - Reproduction
Study Questions - Solutions
1. Sketch a labelled diagram of the reproductive systems and describe the
functions of the major structures.
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Scrotum: Holds the testis
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Testes: Where the sperm is produced.
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Seminiferous Tubules: Produce the male gametes
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Epididymis: Stores sperm
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Vas Deferens: Duct which carries sperm away from the testis
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Urethra: Common duct for the transport of sperm and urine
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Seminal Gland: Produces seminal fluid to produce semen.
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Prostate Gland: Secretes a thin-milky, alkaine substance that becomes part of the semen.
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The Cowper's Gland: Secretes a lubricating fluid
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Penis: The copulatory organ of the male reproductive system.
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Foreskin: Protects the glans of the penis.
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Erectile tissue: Stiffens when excited for insertion into vagina.
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Ovaries: Primary sex organs of the females.
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Uterine Tubes: Carry the eggs to the uterus.
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Uterus: The implantation of the zygote.
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Cervix: Passage between the vagina and the uterus.
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Vagina: The canal leading to the exterior of the body.
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Labia Majora: Two fleshly folds of skin on the outside of the vaginal canal.
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Clitoris: The erectile organ of the female.
2. Construct and complete a table to revise each of the methods of contraception
discussed in class under the following headings: Description , Cost, Method,
Side-effects, effectiveness.
D e s c rip tio n
C oitus
Interruptus
C ondom
C hem ic als
P ill
IU D 's
S terilis ation
C ost
M e th o d
W ithdraw before
orgas m
N il
$5 ?
S id e -E ffe c ts
E ffe c tiv e n e s s
-P re-ejac ulated
Low
S perm depos itied
-M ales need to
detec t & c ontrol
ejac ulation
C over penis s o
that s perm is not O nly
depos ited in
ps y c hologic al
vagina
Im m oblis es
s perm
P roduc e C O 2
gas as a phy s ic al
barrier
Inhibits releas e of
F ac ial hair
egg from ovary
C hanges in the
blood-c lotting
s y s tem
Ins erted in vagina
to prevent s perm
B leeding
reac hing fallopian
tubes
C ut the vas
N il
deferens
C ut & tie the
P erm anent
uterine tubes
H igh
Low if us ed by
them s elves
A lm os t 100%
98%
3. Outline the major events relating to the ovary and uterus during each stage of
the ovarian and menstrual cycles.
Stages:
•
•
•
•
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Menstruation
Pre-ovulation
1 - 4 Days
5 - 12 Days
Uterine Bleeding
Endometrial Repairs
Uterine lining thickens
Ovulation
13 - 15 Days Rapture of the Graafian Follicle
releasing egg.
Secretion
16 - 20 Days Secretion of Mucous
Development of the Corpus Luteum
Pre-menstruation 21 -28 Days Degeneration of the corpus luteum and
endometrium.
Ovary:
Day 1 - 14:  Primary follicle grows and matures
 Ovulation occurs
Day 14 - 28:  Corpus Lutem degenerates
Uterus:
Day 1 - 14:  Endometrium becomes thicker & softer
4. Explain the function and area of production of the following reproductive
hormones: Oestrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, Oxytocin, Prolactin, FSH,
LH, and HCG.
H o rm o n e
O e s tro g e n
P ro g e s te ro n e
T e s to s te ro n e
O x y t o c in
P ro la c t in
F o llic le
S t im u la t in g
H o rm o n e
L u t e in is in g
H o rm o n e
H u m a n C h o rio n ic
H o rm o n e
F u n c t io n
-D e ve lo p m e n t o f
fe m a l e r e p r o d u c t i v e
s y s te m
-D e ve lo p m e n t
s e c o n d a ry s e x u a l
c h a ra c t e ris t ic s
-M a in t e n a n c e o f
e n d o m e t riu m
D e ve lo p m e n t a n d
m a in t e n a n c e o f
p la c e n t a
-D e ve lo p m e n t o f m ilk
s e c re t in g g la n d s
-D e ve lo p m e n t o f m a le
re p ro d u c t ive s y s t e m
-D e ve lo p m e n t
s e c o n d a ry s e x u a l
c h a ra c t e ris t ic s
-S t im u la t e s
c o n t ra c t io n o f s m o o t h
m u s c le
-P ro m o t e s c o n t ra c t io n
o f m u s c le s a ro u n d
b re a s t lo b u le s
-P ro d u c t io n o f m ilk in
a c t iva t e d g la n d s
-P ro d u c t io n o f S p e rm
-M a t u ra t io n o f o va ria n
fo l l i c l e s
-S t im u la t e s s e c re t io n
o f te s to s te ro n e
-S t im u la t e s s e c re t io n
o f o e s tro g e n s &
p ro g e s te ro n e
-M a in t e n a n c e o f
c o rp u s L u t e m d u rin g
e a rly s t a g e s o f
p re g n a n c y
A r e a o f P r o d u c t io n
O va ria n F o llic le & C o rp u s L u t e m
C o rp u s L u te m
T e s t is
P it u it a ry G la n d
P it u it a ry G la n d
P it u it a ry G la n d
P it u it a ry G la n d
P la c e n t a
5. Outline the major events leading up to, during and immediately following
fertilisation.
Leading up to fertilisation the ova and the sperm are travelling down and up the female reproductive
system respectively.
At fertilisation the sperm penetrates the egg and the sperm's tail is absorbed.
The zygote then implants itself in the wall of the uterus.
6. Describe some of the major differences between gametogenesis in males and
females.
Major differences are the fact that the males cells split to form 4 equal sperm while the female cells
split to form 1 larger ovum and 3 polar bodies.
7. Describe the major sexually transmitted diseases highlighting the symptoms
and cures.
STD's
Symptoms
Cures
Gonorrhoea
Burning feeling in penis
Pain passing urine
Yellow discharge of pus
Women no symptoms
Pencillin
Probenecid
Syphilis
Chancres on skin
Skin Rashes
Ulcerated Mouth
Pencillin
AIDS
Seroconversion illness
Swelling in lymph glands
Fatigue
Fever
No Cure
Chlamydia
Inflammation of the urethra
Antiboiotics
Pus produced
Burning sensation when passing urine
Genital Herpes
Blisters on the penis \ vuvla
Incurable
8. List and explain the major reproductive disorders.
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Cervical Cancer: Cancer in the cervix.
Menstrual Abnormalities: The absence of, missed periods, painful menstruation, abnormal uterine
bleeding.
• Ovarian Cysts: Fluid filled tumours of the ovaries.
• Pelvic Inflammatory disease: Infection of the pelvic organs.
• Premenstrual Syndrome: Problems involved with menstruation.
Prostatitis: Problems with the prostate gland.