Pre-AP Test Review – Modern Genetics
1. List and define the four chromosomal mutations. Draw a simple diagram for each
type of mutation.
2. Define the following terms - karyotype, sex chromosomes (what combination
represents a male and a female) and autosomes.
3. Know what a karyotype shows and how to interpret one. What are non sex
chromosomes called? How do you know if an individual is male or female?
4. How many chromosomes are in humans? How many pairs of chromosomes? How
many pairs of sex chromosomes and how many pairs of autosomes?
5. Explain nondisjunction. How can you recognize nondisjunction in a karyotype?
What disorder is called trisomy 21? Where will you find the extra chromosome?
6. What does a pedigree chart show? Know how to interpret a pedigree. How do you
figure out if someone is homozygous or heterozygous dominant? What do circles
and squares represent? How is a carrier shown and what does that mean about
the trait? Is shading usually done for dominant or recessive traits? What would you
use to decode the pedigree if the trait is sex-linked?
7. Know how to work sex linked Punnett Squares. Be able to do genotypes and
phenotypes. You will not need to do genotypic and phenotypic ratios on sex-linked
traits on this test. If you aren’t sure then look at Applied Genetics and do a few.
8. Explain how sex-linked traits work and how they are passed on. Why do
males show more sex linked traits? Which parent do males inherit a sex-linked
trait from?
9.
Define selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, transformation, plasmid,
genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, restriction enzymes, transgenic, PCR, DNA
fingerprinting, gel electrophoresis, hybridization, inbreeding, and clone.
10. Be able to interpret a DNA fingerprint.
11. Briefly explain the steps in gel electrophoresis. What is the charge of DNA?
12. What are the steps in transformation to make recombinant DNA?
13. Explain the steps to make a clone of an organism. (the general steps) What
natural clones do we have in our world?
14. What are some beneficial results of genetic engineering?
15. Mutations in DNA can be caused by drugs and radiation. If these mutations are to
be passed to offspring, what type of cell’s are affected?