BIOLOGY SEMESTER ONE STUDY GUIDE
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
MADE OF CELLS, REPRODUCTION, METABOLISM, HOMOSTASIS, ADAPTATION, RESPOND TO THE
EVIRONMENT, OBTAIN AND UTILIZE ENERGY
WHAT IS A SPECIES
SIMILAR ORGANISMS THAT CAN PRODUCE FETILE OFFSPRING
WHAT BASES PAIR TOGETHER IN DNA
ADENINE=THYMINE CYTOSINE=GUANINE
WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS
THE ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
WHAT KIND OF REPRODUCTION DOES BACTERIA USE
ASEXUAL….BINARY FISSION
WHAT STAGE DOES CHROMATIN CONDENSES TO FORM CHROMOSOMES
PROPHASE
WHAT IS CANCER
THE UNCONTROLLED GROWTH AND DIVISION OF CELLS
WHAT ENZYME HELPS TO ADD NUCLEOTIDES DURING REPLICATION
POLYMERASE
WHAT ARE GAMETES
SEX CELLS…..EGG….SPERM
WHAT OCCURS DURING MEIOSIS
2 DAUGHTER CELLS PRODUCED, THEY ARE NOT GENETICALLY SIMILAR TO THE PARENT, THERE
ARE 2 CELL DIVISIONS
IN AN EXPERIMENT THE VARIABLE THAT IS MEASURED IS
DEPENDENT
WHERE DOES REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION TAKE PLACE
REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION=IN THE NUCLEUS TRANSLATION=CYTOPLASM
THE ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS
CELLS…TISSUE….ORGAN….ORGAN SYSTEM….ORGANISM
IN WHAT ORGANELL IS DNA FOUND IN EUKARYOTES
THE NUCLEUS
WHAT DOES THE MITOCHONDRIA DO
PRODUCE ENERGY ATP
WHAT TYPE OF ORGANISM HAS A CELL WALL
PLANTS, FUNGI,
WHAT KIND OF MUTATION OCCURS WHEN A GENE IS LOST DURING MEIOSIS
DELETION
A HYBRID IS
A HETEROZYGOUS TRAIT FORMED FROM CROSS BETWEEN TWO TRUE BREEDS
WHAT IS THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
A RANDOM DISTRIBUTION OF ALLELES OCCURS DURING GAMETE FORMATION
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF HELICASE
IT UNWINDS AND UNZIPS THE DOUBLE HELIX
WHAT IS REPLICATION
PROCESS OF MAKING A COPY OF DNA
WHAT ARE THE THREE STAGES OF THE INTERPHASE AND WHAT OCCURS
G1= CARRIES OUT NORMAL FUNCTION S=DNA COPIES G2=REST OF CELL PREPARES

WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION
THE PROCESS OF READING THE mRNA AND MAKING A PROTEIN
WHAT ARE THE THREE STAGES OF THE CELL CYLCE AND WHAT OCCURS IN EACH
INTERPHASE= CELL PREPARES, MITOSIS=NUCLEAR MATERIAL DIVIDES, CYTOKINESIS=THE
CYTOPLASM DIVIDES
WHAT ARE THE THREE NUCLEOTIDES CALLED IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
DNA= TRIPLET mRNA=CODON tRNA= ANTICODON
WHAT IS A FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
OCCURS WHEN THE GENE IS READ WRONG AND THREE WRONG NUCLEOTIDES SEQUENCE
CREATING THE WRONG PROTEIN
WHAT LIMITS THE CELL SIZE
THE SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO BECAUSE IT ALLOWS THINGS IN AND OUT
WHAT IS A STEM CELL
UNSPECIALIZED CELLS, REMAIN IN ORGANISMS WHILE UNDERGOING CELL DIVISION, THERE ARE
TWO KINDS ADULT AND EMBRYONIC
WHAT IS THE CORRECT ODER OF MITOSIS AND KNOW THE GENERAL THINGS WHICH OCCUR
PROPHASE…METAPHASE….ANAPHASE….TELOPHASE
WHAT IS A GENE
THE STRUCTURE THAT CONTAINS GENETIC INFORMATION
WHEN DOES CROSSING OVER OCCUR
DURING PROPHASE 1
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CENTROMERE AND THE KINETOCHORE
THE CENTROMERE HOLDS SISTER CHROMATIDS TOGETHER AND THE KINETOCHORE HOLDS
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES TOGETHER
ALTERNATE FORMS OF A TRAIT IS CALLED AN
ALLELLE
GENETIC RECOMBINATION OCCURS DURING
CROSSING OVER AND INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
WHAT IS A NUCLEOTIDE COMPOSED OF
SUGAR, PHOSPHATE GROUP, AND NITROGEN BASE
THE STUDY OF HEREDITY IS CALLED
GENETICS
WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION
A CHANGE IN GENOTYPE WHICH OCCURS WHEN A CELL TAKES UP FOREIGN MATERIAL
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
GENOTYPE IS WHAT THE ALLELES LOOK LIFE AND PHENOTYPE IS THE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
WHAT IS THE LAW OF SEGREGATION
THE PROCESS THAT STATES TWO ALLELES FOR EACH TRAIT SEPARATE DURING MEIOSIS AND
DURING FERTILIZATION