Mutations and Genetic Engineering
Genetic
Mutations
III.
__________________________- changes in the DNA sequence that affect
genetic information; Can affect all types of cells (not all are harmful).
A. ______________________- affect sex cells – inherited by offspring (exDown Syndrome)
B. ____________________________– affect other cells- not inherited by
offspring (many cancers caused by somatic mutations)
Two Types of
DNA mutations
IV. 2 types of mutations
A. _____________________________ (#1) - changes in a single gene. 2 types of
gene mutations1. _______________________________- affect only one nucleotide
*Can be caused by substitutions
2. _____________________________- type of point mutation where
nucleotide is inserted or deleted; affects every amino acid after that
point.
*Can be cause by insertions or deletions
B. __________________________________(#2) - changes in whole
chromosomes. 4 types of chromosomal mutations.
1. _______________________-- loss of all or part of chromosome
2. _______________________- segment of a chromosome is repeated
3. _______________________ -chromosome becomes reversed
4. ______________________- part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a
different chromosome
Effects of DNA
mutations
V. What are the effects of________________________-?
A. _______________________ are altered.
B. __________________are unable to perform “normal” functions.
Sometimes _____________________are harmful, sometimes there is no affect,
and sometimes mutations can be helpful. (Helpful when mutation produces a trait
that aids in survival)
Changing DNA
on purpose
VI. ___________________________- when humans change the genes of an
organism to achieve a desired result
A. ____________________________- allowing only the individuals with
desired traits to reproduce. 2 types
1. _________________________-crossbreeding dissimilar individuals:
offspring will have the best of both
 Ex: donkey x horse = mule
2. __________________________-breeding individuals with similar
characteristics: maintain certain characteristics in offspring
 Ex: German Shepard x German Shepard = German Shepard
VII. _______________________________ – Desired genes are removed from one
organism and added or recombined into another organism. This forms a transgenic
organism with recombinant DNA
A. This is used to make proteins not normally made by the cell. Can be used
to produce: Drugs like insulin, Vaccines, Plants resistant to Insects,
Reduce pollution, Better crops/meat
DNA and
Evolution
I. Evolution –natural process through which species ____________________over
time
A. The __________________________“selects” the best traits – only those best
suited will survive and pass on their traits to offspring.
B. ___________________________– occurs because of genetic differences caused
by mutations in DNA