Earth’s Lithosphere and Interior
Minerals, Magma, Non-sedimentary Rock and Plate Tectonics
Minerals and Magma
I. Composition of minerals
a. Most __________________ have a number of different minerals in them, and come
from cooled _______________ or altered _______________.
b. The element _________________________ is the most common element found in
the earth’s crust.
c. Silicon is usually found bonded with _______________ in most minerals.
d. The most common class of minerals contains the _____________________, the
basis of which is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedra.
II. Rock-forming minerals
a. Oxides contain elements, often __________________, and oxygen
b. Sulfides are usually metals and _____________________
c. Calcium Carbonates include ___________________
d. Ferrous minerals contain __________________(Fe)
III. New York State Minerals
NYS minerals are often sedimentary rock minerals.
a. __________________-used as abrasives, found in metamorphic rock in
Adirondacks
b. ____________________, a silicate, found where ancient seas dried up in
central/western NY
c. __________________and other salts, from deposits left by evaporating seas
d. Wollastonite, an evaporite.
IV. The 5 properties of all minerals
1. They are all ______________________
2. All minerals have a basic ____________________________, or orderly internal
pattern of units
3. All minerals have a definite _________________________________, which means
that their elements are always in the same ratio
4. They are ________________________ (do not come from living things or the
remains of living things).
5. They are ___________________, not anthropogenic
V. Mineral Identification (use with computer program)
1. Luster- the manner in which the mineral _____________________________ in
reflected light.
Metallic luster; the mineral looks like a metal
Non-metallic luster; anything that does not look like a mineral.
Ex. Pearly, earthy, dull, glassy
2. Specific gravity- compares the density of the mineral to the density of water.
3. Hardness is a measure of the minerals _______________________ to being
scratched.
Moh’s scale of ____________________compares minerals to each other. (talc is 1,
________________ is 10).
4. Cleavage vs. fracture: description of the mineral’s tendency to break along
definite angles and planes.
________________________ describes clean, patterned breaks, while
_______________________ indicates a lack of pattern to the break.
5. Streak- the color of the _______________________________________ of a mineral,
obtained from dragging it along an unglazed porcelain plate.
6. Color- color is not always helpful, because one mineral may have trace amounts
of metal and other impurities that will change the color.
7. Other specific tests/indicators such as:
a. sulfur smells
b. calcite (CaCO3) _____________ even in weak _____________
c. ___________________________ is magnetic
d. iron ________________
e. halite tastes salty
flame tests can accurately identify minerals and elements
Igneous rocks igneous pix
1. Igneous rocks are called ‘fire rocks’ because they form from ________________ or
__________________________.
2. Magma is called __________________________________ because that is where the
elements come together that will form minerals as magma cools.
3. Igneous rocks are called the _________________________________ of all others.
4. All igneous rocks have ____________________________________, because they form
as the magma cools, and each crystal grows into the ones around them. Some crystals
are so small that we can’t see this without the use of a ___________________________
_____________________________.
5. Igneous rocks are classified (see page 6 of ESRT) according to:
a. the _________________________________ of the rock, which is determined by the
magma or lava that forms the rock. As old rock pushes down into the mantle and melts,
it mixes with magma that is already there, forming slightly different magma. Over time,
different igneous rocks have formed. Minerals have different colors, and these colors
help identify the type of igneous rock.
b. the _____________________________ or grain size of the rock, which is determined by
how quickly or slowly the magma cools to form rock.
c. Together, mineral composition and texture identify the rock.
6. In the ______________________________________, the melting points for common
igneous minerals are shown. Minerals with high melting points form crystals
_______________________, while those with low (cool) melting points (typical of crust
closer to the surface) forms crystals __________________________.
7. When the magma cools deep below the ground, it is called ___________________or
plutonic, and the minerals formed will be ____________________grained.
When the magma cools NEAR the surface, much more ______________________, the
crystals don’t have much time to form and the rock is called ___________________ or
volcanic, and the minerals will be ____________________________ grained. Glassy
minerals form _______________________________________.
8. The three main igneous families, _____________________, ____________________and
basaltic are described in the lab and lecture and text. The families are identified
according to the type of ______________________________ from which they form, which
are characterized by the minerals and color.
a. The GRANITE family, formed from _____________________ magma, makes up the
CONTINENTAL CRUST, which is low density (_______________) compared with the
ocean crust (_______________).
b. The _________________________ family, formed from _______________ magma,
makes up the ocean crust. Its density explains why
___________________________________________
c. The third family is the _____________________________ family, which comes from
magma that is a mixture of both mafic and felsic minerals, therefore its minerals have
characteristics of both granites and basalts.
9. Porphyritic textures refer to igneous rocks that have VARIOUS sized minerals, like a
chocolate chip cookie. This happens when the magma _______________________ in
stages.
10. In summation, Igneous rocks are identified in the lab by comparing their:
_______________________________, which tells you what minerals are in it, and
therefore what magma it came from and the ______________________________, which
indicates whether the rock cooled quickly or slowly (extrusive or intrusive).
Metamorphic Rocks are formed:
When magma ‘____________________ s’ a nearby rock. (at volcanoes, mid-ocean
ridges, intrusions)
At mid-ocean ridges when _____________________ and sediments mix with hot
gases
At ____________________ boundaries when rock is ground and deformed
When mountains form by _________________ , compression
Overlying sediments exert so much _____________________ they change the
deep rock
1. These form when pre-existing rocks are ______________________________ due to
heat and pressure.
(If the old rock melts, then it does not become metamorphic, because melted rock
produces magma and igneous rock).
2. Metamorphic rocks are _______________________________ versions of pre-existing
rock. The minerals often just line up differently. Intense metamorphism will really
change the minerals, too.
3. Metamorphic rock are classified according to:
a. The presence or type of _________________________________, which is seen by
observing the texture of the rock. This must be observed in lab and using pictures.
b. The second identifier is the composition of the rock, especially when discussing the
non-foliated rocks. For example, marble and quartzite look a lot alike, but are made of
very different minerals. (the _______________________________ test identifies marble
and a comparison of _________________________ shows which is quartzite).
4. Rocks formed by intense pressure generally have the minerals align at a
perpendicular to the direction of the pressure. This often forms the
_____________________ texture.
5. The type of foliation is described on page ________ of the _____________.
6. Rocks formed by intense heat are often called _________________________________
rocks because they are usually bands of rock that are __________________________ due
to the presence of nearby lava or magma flows, which partially ______________________
the rock.
7. Contact metamorphic rock are found along igneous ______________________ as the
magma heats the rock. Zones of metamorphic rock usually are found between igneous
rocks and other rocks.
8. Identifying metamorphic rocks is pretty tricky, and requires patience (and sometimes
a good stereomicroscope)