Hello 201 students,
The following are chapter overviews and objectives. They are meant to assist
you in organizing your study and review preparation for exam2 on Thursday. The
exam this time will consist of 70 – 80 MP questions and 1 – 2 short essay type
questions. Below is a list of these questions from which any one or two will be
given.
I am encouraging you to study and prepare well for this exam. I am also strongly
advising that you take your time to thoroughly read every question whether MP or
Essay type to make sure you understand what each is asking, and then consider
the options intelligently. REMEMBER, these questions are NOT meant to trick
you, but are design in such a way that if a student is depending on guessing his
or her way through, that the chances of getting the correct item is only 20-25%. If
you are convinced however, that you don’t know the answer to a particular
question, then it is better to make an intelligent guess than to leave it blank.
!!BEST OF WISHES TO YOU AS YOU
PREPARE AND I SINCERELY PRAY
THAT YOU ALL DO WELL!!
Essay questions:
1. Describe the process of intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
2. Patient X has a tumor of the parathyroid glands that causes hypersecretion of the
parathyroid hormone. What effects would this hypersecretion have on:
a. Blood calcium levels?
b. The function of the bone cells?
c. The secretion of calcitonin?
d. The production of calictriol?
e. The bone matrix?
f. The kidneys?
3. List the zones of the epiphyseal plate and describe the function of each explaining how the
plate relates to the growth of and termination of growth of long bones.
4. List the steps of fracture repair and say how long after injury does this process start.
Chapter 6 you already have
Chapter 7
INTRODUCTION
1. Note that becoming familiar with the names, shapes, and positions of
individual bones helps in the location of other organs and in muscle
interaction with bones to produce movement.
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
2. List the various bone groups and the number that are assigned to the axial
and appendicular divisions of the skeleton, as well as their fundamental
purpose.
TYPES OF BONES
3. Classify the principal types of bones on the basis of shape and location.
BONE SURFACE MARKINGS
4. Describe the various markings on the surface of bones and the functions of
each.
SKULL
5. Give the names of the 22 skull bones and how they are grouped into the
cranial and facial categories.
General Features
6. Briefly describe the cavities and major surface markings of the skull.
7. Mention the basic functions of the skull in terms of protection, muscle
attachment, and association with organ and sensory systems.
Cranial Bones
8. Show the location of the cranial bones and state distinctive characteristics of
each, including shape, features, functions, and interconnections.
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bones
Temporal Bones
Occipital Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Facial Bones
9. Show the location of the facial bones and state distinctive characteristics of
each, including shape, features, and functions.
10. Nasal Bones
Maxillae
Zygomatic Bones
Lacrimal Bones
Palatine Bones
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Vomer
Mandible
Nasal septum
10. Study the location and formation of the nasal septum.
Orbits
11. View the four regions of the orbit and the bones that make up the regions.
Foramina
12. Review the openings (Table 7.3) that allow communication for blood, lymph,
and neural information between the interior and exterior of the skull.
Unique Features Of The Skull
Sutures
13. Identify and locate the different sutures and how they interconnect the bones
of the skull.
Paranasal Sinuses
14. Know the location, features, and functions of the paranasal sinuses.
15. Understand sinusitis as an inflammation of the membranes of the sinuses
Fontanels
16. Know the locations and principle functions of the fontanels as they change
with age.
HYOID BONE
17. Describe the unique features of the hyoid bone, its functions, and the
structures that help suspend it in position.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
18. Know the basic functions of the vertebral column.
19. Know the five regions of the vertebral column.
Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column
20. Be familiar with the location, direction, purpose, and time of formation of the
four curves of the spine.
Intervertebral Discs
21. Understand the structure and function of the intervertebral discs.
Parts of a Typical Vertebra
22. Understand the anatomical components, foramen processes, and articular
features common to most vertebrae and indicate their purpose.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
Cervical Region
23. Study the shapes and formations that distinguish cervical vertebrae from
other divisions, and the unique structure and operation of the two superior
vertebrae.
Thoracic Region
24. Study the components of thoracic vertebrae and how they change with
descent along the column.
25. Know the number and function of the articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae.
Lumbar Region
26. Describe the main purpose of the lumbar vertebrae and how their function
dictates their structure.
Sacrum
27. Note the peculiar fusion of these vertebrae and how this effects their job of
support, as well as neural protection and connection.
THORAX
Sternum
28. Describe the parts of the sternum and the function of this composite bone.
Ribs
29. Describe the functional features of a rib and how they are grouped relative to
their attachment to the sternum.
DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
30. Contrast herniated (slipped) disc, abnormal curves, and spina bifida as
disorders associated with the skeletal system.
Chapter 8
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Chapter Outline and Objectives
1. Identify the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton.
PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE
2. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and the only point of attachment of
the girdle to the axial skeleton.
Clavicle
3. Identify the clavicle, its markings, functions, and the bones with which it
articulates.
4. Problems associated with a fractured clavicle.
Scapula
5. Identify the scapula, its markings, functions, and the bones with which it
articulates.
UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
6. Identify the upper extremity, its component bones, and their number.
Humerus
7. Identify the humerus, its major markings, functions, and peculiar contours that
allow it to articulate with the scalpular glenoid fossae and the ulnar trochlear
notch.
Ulna and Radius
8. Identify the ulna, its major markings, functions, and peculiar contours that
allow it to have a major articulation with the humeral trochlea and minor
interaction with the carpals.
9.
Identify the radius, its major markings, functions, and contours that allow it to
have a major articulation with the carpals and minor interaction with the
humeral trochlea.
Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges
10. Identify the names and positions of the carpals.
11. Identify the names and positions of the metacarpals.
12. Identify the names and positions of the phalanges.
PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE
13. Identify the bones and function of the pelvic girdle.
Ilium
14. Identify the ilium, its major markings, functions, and the bones with which it
articulates.
Ischium
15. Identify the ischium, its major markings, functions, and the bones with which it
articulates.
Pubis
16. Identify the pubis, its major markings, functions, and the bones with which it
articulates.
True and False Pelves
17. Distinguish between the true and false pelves and give the function of the
bony pelvis.
COMPARISON OF FEMALE AND MALE PELVES
18. Compare and contrast the principal structural differences between female and
male pelves
COMPARISON OF PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLES
19. Compare and contrast the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
20. Identify the lower extremity and its component bones.
Femur
21. Identify the femur, its major markings, functions, and surface shapes that
allow allow it to articulate with the coxal acetabulum and pedal talus.
Patella
22. Study the patella in terms of its bone type, its location, and its function.
Tibia and Fibula
23. Distinguish between the tibia and fibula in terms of their size, features,
location, purpose, and articular surfaces.
Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges
24. Compare the number, size, and function of the tarsal, metatarsal, and
phalangeal bones of the foot with the corresponding bones of the hand.
Arches of the Foot
25. Define the structural features and importance of the arches of the foot.
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: SKELETAL SYSTEM
26. Examine the skeletal system’s contribution to homeostasis
DISEASE: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
27. Explain that the term hip fracture applies to a break in any bone associated
with the hip joint.
Chapter 9
JOINTS
1. Define a joint (articulation) and identify the factors that determine the types
and degree (range) of movement at a joint.
2. Explain how the anatomy and movement of a joint can be used to classify
joints.
JOINT CLASSIFICATION
3. Explain the two criteria for the structural classification of joints.
4. Explain how the translation of the terms used for functional classification of
joints is related to the range of movement.
FIBROUS JOINTS
5. Describe the structural and functional features of the fibrous joints.
Suture
6. Discuss the development of the structure of sutural joints from the newborn to
the mature stage.
Syndesmosis
7. Describe the structure and degree of movement of syndesmosis joints in the
body and give examples.
Gomphosis
8. Describe the structure and degree of movement of gomphosis joints and give
examples.
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
9. Discuss the general features of the cartilaginous joints and name the two
types of cartilaginous joints.
Synchondrosis
10. Define the material and connections of the synchondrosis and give examples
of temporary and permanent joints of this types.
Symphysis
11. Note the distinct connective tissue and shape of the symphysis joint, as well
as how it is similar in the spine and coxal regions.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Structure of Synovial Joints
12. Discuss the general features of synovial joints.
Articular Capsule
13. Describe the structure and function of the articular capsule.
14. List the various techniques for cartilage replacement.
Synovial Fluid
15. Discuss the nature of synovial fluid and its function.
16. Examine the steps in synovial fluid aspiration.
Accessory Ligaments and Articular Discs
17. Discuss the location and functions of the accessory ligaments and articular
discs in synovial joints.
18. Discuss the consequences of tearing an articular disc and treatment involved
in repairing the damage.
Nerve and Blood Supply
19. Describe the nerve and blood supply to the joints.
20. Define what is meant by a joint sprain and strain.
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
21. Discuss the structure and function of the bursae and tendon sheaths.
22. Define bursitis and examine its causes and symptoms.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS
23. List the four main categories of movements at synovial joints.
Gliding
24. Describe the gliding movements and list locations where this movement
occurs.
Angular Movements
25. List the principal angular movements.
Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension Movements
26. Define and give examples of flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and
hyperextension movements.
Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction
27. Define and give examples of abduction, adduction, and circumduction
movements.
Rotation
28. Define and give examples of rotation movements at synovial joints.
Special Movements
29. List, define, and give examples of the special movements at some synovial
joints.
30. Define dislocation (luxation) and examine its causes.
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
31. Describe the structural features and types of movement for each of the types
of synovial joints.
Plantar Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Condyloid Joint
Saddle Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
FACTORS AFFECTING CONTACT AND RANGE OF MOTION AT SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
32. List the factors that affect contact and range of motion at synovial joints.
AGING AND JOINTS
33. Explain the effects of aging on joints.
DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
34. Describe the causes and symptoms of common joint disorders, including joint
injury, rheumatism and arthritis (rheumatoid, osteo-, and gouty).
PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS IS AN OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER 9. I GAVE YOU A
CHAP9 HANDOUT WHICH WAS AN ASSIGNMENT TO GET YOU EQUIPT WITH
THE MATERIAL OF THE CHAPTER. STUDY/FOLLOW THIS OVERVIEW
THEREFORE IN CONJUCTION WITH THE HANDOUT. BY THIS I MEAN, EVEN
THOUGH IT WILL BE TREMENDOUS BENEFIT TO YOU TO KNOW ALL OF THE
STUFF OUTLINED IN THE OVERVIEW, I AM ONLY HOLDING YOU
RESPONSIBLE FOR THAT WHICH I ASSIGNED TO YOU IN THE HAND OUT.
EXPECT TO BE ABLE TO LABLE A TYPICAL SYNOVIAL JOINT
IT IS A GOOD IDEA TO BE FAMILIAR WITH A BALL SOCKET SYNOVIAL
JOINT AND PARTS THEREOF.