Necessity of cloud computing for digital libraries: Bangladesh perspective
M. Monirul Islam ,Librarian Prime Minister’s Office,Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh ,Phone: +88029121598
E-mail: kanokmonir@gmail.com
Abstract: To meet with the challenge of information explosion and fulfill the vision 2021, Bangladesh
needs cloud computing and digital library system. There is also an immediate need to make a dedicated
decision to ensure the use of cloud computing in digital libraries. This article provides a holistic
understanding of cloud computing and digital libraries including its present context and future
directions. This paper also focused on opportunity and developments efforts to overcome the
challenges of Cloud computing for digital libraries. Various technical issues ingrained in the concept of
cloud computing and digital library also have been analyzed in the article. Documentary sources,
review literature, copulation of secondary information, interview with eminent educators, scholars and
the direct observation are the major methods of this article. Finally the author brings out the future
improvement in digital library using cloud computing technology in Bangladesh.
Keywords: Cloud computing, digital library, Information resources, adoption, service model.
1. Introduction:
The library is a centre of Knowledge depository and its ultimate aim is to provide desire services for
all kinds of library users. So, library should improve itself constantly by adopting many new techniques
and IT technologies. And in this reasons the librarians are trying to improve current user service model
in digital library by using Cloud Computing. The concept of cloud computing is not a new one,
although it is only recently that cloud computing is gaining prominence all over the world. By helping
with the Cloud Computing digital libraries can meet the needs of user communities through a variety of
services connected with complex collections and various structuring mechanisms for managing data
and descriptions of that data. Services provided by libraries will become more user-centric, more
professional and more effective, etc. In this regard libraries will create more knowledge benefits for our
country with the help of Cloud Computing. The Cloud computing techniques and methods applied to
digital libraries, not only can improve the utilization rate of resources to address the imbalance in
development between regions, but also can make more extensive use of cloud computing to our work
life.
2. The Definition of Digital Library
The term “Digital Library” has a variety of potential meanings, ranging from a digitized collection of
materials that one might find in a traditional library through to the collection of all digital information
along with the services that make that information useful to all possible users (Leiner, 1998). The
digital library is library where the information is made available in electronic form and access to it is
provided through computer and other media like local area network or Internet, etc. (Upadhya, 2000).
According to Digital Library Federation "Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources,
including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute,
preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that
they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities.’’
3. The Definition of Cloud Computing
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There are many definitions of cloud computing. In 2009 the US National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) Information Technology Laboratory developed a considered and well-written
definition distilled from a number of perspectives.
NIST Definition of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service
models, and four deployment models. The emerging cloud abstracts infrastructure complexities of
servers, applications, data, and heterogeneous platforms (Source: Mell and Grance 2009)
Cloud Computing is associated with a new paradigm for the provision of computing infrastructure.
This paradigm shifts the location of this infrastructure to the network to reduce the costs associated
with the management5of hardware and software resources. The Cloud is drawing the attention from the
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) community. “The key concept behind the Cloud6
is Web application... a more developed and reliable Cloud. Many find it’s now cheaper to migrate to
the Web Cloud than invest in their own server farm ... it is a desktop for people without a computer”.
R. Bragg (2008)
The NIST definition identifies essential characteristics, service models and deployment models (Table
1).
Table 1 Summary of cloud computing features
Essential characteristics
Service models
Deployment models
On-demand self-service
Software as a service (SaaS)
Private cloud
Broad network access
Platform as a service (PaaS)
Community cloud
Resource pooling
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Public cloud
Rapid elasticity
Hybrid cloud
Measured Service
Source: Mell and Grance 2009
The deployment models are of particular importance (Table 2). The different types of cloud are
described in Table 3.
The NIST definition arguably comes closest to capturing in a minimal number of words all of the
essential ideas of cloud computing. Some other definitions below are more industry or commercially
oriented. For example, Wikipedia states that “Cloud computing describes a new supplement,
consumption and delivery model for IT services based on the internet, and it typically involves the
provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources as a service over the internet."1
Others have suggested that cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering
hosted services over the internet.
Table 2 Categories of Cloud Services
Category
Description
Software as a
Service
(SaaS)
The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications
running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various
client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g. webbased email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even
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individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited userspecific application configuration settings.
Platform as a
Service
(PaaS)
The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications, created using
programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does
not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network,
servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.
Infrastructure as a
Service
(IaaS)
The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage,
networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is
able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems
and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over operating systems; storage, deployed
applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g.
host firewalls).
Source: Wyld, 2010)
Table 3 Types of clouds
Cloud type
Description
Private cloud
The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organisation. It may be
managed by the organisation or a third party and may exist on premise or
off premise.
Community cloud
The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organisations and supports a
specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security
requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be
managed by the organisations or a third party and may exist on premise
or off premise.
Public cloud
The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large
industry group and is owned by an organisation selling cloud services.
Hybrid cloud
The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private,
community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together
by standardised or proprietary technology that enables data and
application portability (e.g. cloud bursting for load-balancing between
clouds).
Source: Wyld, 2010
4. Why Is Cloud Computing Important?
McKinsey suggests that “using clouds for computing tasks promises a revolution in IT similar to the
birth of the web and e-commerce.”7 Burton Group concludes that “IT is finally catching up with the
Internet by extending the enterprise outside of the traditional data center walls.”8 Writers like Nicholas
Carr argue that a so-called big switch is ahead, wherein a great many infrastructure, application, and
support tasks now operated by enterprises will—in the future—be handled by very-large-scale, highly
standardized counterpart activities delivered over the Internet. The prospect of a maturing cloud of ondemand infrastructure, application, and support services is important as a possible means of:
• Driving down the capital and total costs of IT in higher education
• Facilitating the transparent matching of IT demand, costs, and funding
• Scaling IT
• Fostering further IT standardization
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• Accelerating time to market by reducing IT supply bottlenecks
• Countering or channeling the ad hoc consumerization of enterprise IT services
• Increasing access to scarce IT talent
• Creating a pathway to a five nines and 24 × 7 × 365 environment
• Enabling the sourcing of cycles and storage powered by renewable energy
• Increasing interoperability between disjoint technologies between and within institutions
Commercial enthusiasm for cloud computing tends to cluster around agility, economics, and the size of
the in-house IT organization. One interviewee drove home the ease of deployment (agility) argument
vividly: “If you are Flowers.com and your steady state business is punctuated by massive demand
spikes on Valentine’s Day, Easter, and Mother’s Day, access to public cloud services represents a great
opportunity to grow your IT infrastructure quickly during times of peak demand. This use of cloud
services solves a very real business problem in a very cost-effective manner.”
5. Drivers for Adoption of Cloud Computing
Eight attributes of cloud computing can be seen as drivers for the adoption of cloud computing. The
attributes are availability, collaboration, elasticity, lower infrastructure costs, mobility, risk reduction,
scalability, and virtualization. Table 1 describes how these attributes can serve as drivers for cloud
computing adoption.
Table 4: Cloud Computing Drivers
Attribute
Why It Can Draw an Organization Toward Cloud Computing
Availability
Users have the ability to access their resources at any time through a standard
internet connection.
Collaboration
Users begin to see the cloud as a way to work simultaneously on common
data and information.
Elasticity
The provider transparently manages a user’s resource utilization based on
dynamically changing needs.
Lower Infrastructure
Costs
The pay-per-usage model allows an organization to only pay for the resources
they need with basically no investment in the physical resources available in
the cloud. There are no infra-structure maintenance or upgrade costs.
Mobility
Users have the ability to access data and applications from around the globe.
Risk Reduction
Organizations can use the cloud to test ideas and concepts before making
major investments in technology.
Scalability
Users have access to a large amount of resources that scale based on their
demand.
Virtualization
Each user has a single view of the available resources, independently of how
they are arranged in terms of physical devices. Therefore, there is potential
from a provider perspective to serve a greater number of users with fewer
physical resources.
6. Need for Cloud Computing in Digital Libraries
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Libraries have the opportunity to improve their services and relevance in today’s information society.
Cloud computing is one avenue for this move into the future. It can bring several benefits for libraries
and give them a different future. The cooperative effect of libraries using the same, shared hardware,
services and data—rather than hosting hardware and software on behalf of individual libraries—can
result in lowering the total costs of managing library collections and enhancing the both library user’s
experience and library staff workflows.
While local library systems served an important purpose earlier in library automation they now
represent a tremendous duplication of effort. Each library builds and maintains a database, buys
equipment and installs and updates the software. In fact, some libraries can get stuck in perpetual
upgrade mode, which involves lots of testing and retesting and time-consuming customization.
With cloud computing, all of this is taken care of transparently for the library and user.
Among the benefits of a cloud computing approach:
• Take advantage of current and rapidly emerging technology to fully participate in the Web’s
information landscape
• Increased visibility and accessibility of collections
•Reduced duplication of effort from networked technical services and collection management
• Streamlined workflows, optimized to fully benefit from network participation
• Cooperative intelligence and improved service levels enabled by the large-scale aggregation of usage
data
• Make libraries greener by sharing computing power thus reducing carbon footprints
The vision is to use cloud computing to deliver library resources, services and expertise at the point of
need, within user workflows and in a manner that users want and understand. It should free libraries
from managing technology so they can focus on collection building, improved services and innovation.
The cloud computing model will encourage libraries and their users to participate in a network and
community of libraries by enabling them to reuse information and socialize around information. It can
also create a powerful, unified presence for libraries on the Web and give users a local, group and
global reach.
7. Advantages of Cloud computing in libraries:
With the introduction of Cloud Computing to digital library, services of libraries will have a new leap
in the near future. Services provided by digital libraries will become more user-centric, more
professional and more effective, etc. And it is believed that digital libraries will create more knowledge
benefits for our country with the help of Cloud Computing. Cloud computing represents an opportunity
to bring on-demand application to library, in an environment of reduce risk and enhanced reliability.
Here are some advantages of Cloud computing in libraries:
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Cost saving
Flexibility and innovation
User centric
Openness
Transparency
Interoperability
Representation
Availability anytime anywhere
Connect and Converse
Create and collaborate
8. Examples of Cloud libraries: There are many libraries in the world who are using cloud
computing. Some examples of cloud libraries are given below:
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OCLC
Library of Congress (LC)
Exlibris
Polaris
Scribd
Discovery Service
Google Docs / Google Scholar
Worldcat
Encore
9. Digital library and Bangladesh
The idea of digital library is not new but recent developments have made the realization of this idea
more of practical possibility than ever before. The availability of tools for easy access and production
of the information has encouraged the traditional publishers to make their information available in
electronic form bypassing the traditional publishing and bibliographic systems.
These are some digital libraries in Bangladesh
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East West University
BRAC University
Independent University, Bangladesh
Khulna University of Engineering and Technology
Bangobondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Eastern University
Daffodil International University
Manarat International University
National Museam Library
BANBEIS library
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Premier University Chittagong, Bangladesh
Noakhali University of Science and Technology
Ananda Mohan College (AMC), Mymensingh, Dhaka,
Martin Luther College, Dhaka
BUET under implementation
ICDDRB Library
Prime Minister’s Office Library
And many more….
10. What can cloud computing solutions do for digital libraries in Bangladesh?
Turning to cloud computing and digital libraries, are their real problems that can be solved? The
answer is yes. The digital library community can apply the concept of cloud computing to amplify the
power of cooperation and to build a significant, unified presence on the Web. This approach to
computing can help libraries save time and money while simplifying workflows.
A brief list of potential areas of improvement could include:
1. Most library computer systems are built on pre-Web technology
2. Systems distributed across the Net using pre-Web technology are harder and more costly to integrate
3. Libraries store and maintain much of the same data hundreds and thousands of times
4. With library data scatter across distributed systems the library’s Web presence is weakened
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5. With libraries running independent systems collaboration between libraries is made difficult and
expensive
6. Information seekers work in common Web environments and distributed systems make it difficult to
get the library into their workflow
7. Many systems are only used to 10% of their capacity. Combining systems into a cloud environment
reduces the carbon footprints, making libraries greener
These improvements can be grouped into three basic areas: technology, data and community. Each
offers some general and some unique opportunities for libraries. Looking first at the technology that
most current library systems employ several benefits of cloud computing solutions surface.
11. Why cloud computing is essential for digital library in Bangladesh
Cloud computing offers many interesting possibilities for libraries that may help to reduce technology
cost and increase capacity reliability, and performance for some type of automation activities. Cloud
computing has made strong inroads into other commercial sectors and is now beginning to find more
application in library science. The cloud computing pushes hardware to more abstract levels. Most of
us are acquainted with fast computing power being delivered from systems that we can see and touch.
Now Why cloud computing is essential for digital library in Bangladesh are discussed in below:
11.1 Cost saving:
In an era of shrinking budgets, it gets harder with each passing year to justify the purchase and
maintenance of servers that aren’t in use almost all the time. Cloud computing offers price savings due
to economies of scale and the fact that you’re only paying for the resources you actually use. Using
cloud computing technology, one can share the server in many application procedures, realize the
resource sharing thus reduce server’s quantity, minimize the cost. Therefore implementation of cloud
computing technology in digital library will promote user’s work and study to get done with a greater
efficiency.
11.2 High quality service and security:
Cloud environment is a highly developed network environment; it appears to the users of high-quality
service and high security. The Cloud computing techniques and methods applied to digital libraries, not
only can improve the utilization rate of resources to address the imbalance in development between
regions, but also can make more extensive use of cloud computing to our work life.
11.3 User centric:
Initially user is requested to internet transmission, and between the cloud platform and continuous
Internet revision key, in order to protect the platform. Simultaneously the cloud platform defines an
access rule to its users and the user transmits their own status to the platform and the platform grants
the user specifically for the permissions statement
11.4 Openness, meaning that services and data are made available to support greater interoperability,
not only within and between cloud services, but also with library developed and third-party
applications;
11.5 Extensibility, meaning that the platform can easily accommodate the addition of new services and
applications, developed either by the service provider or by members of the community;
11.6 Data richness, meaning that a library can interact with and expose a wide variety of information
about purchased, licensed, and digital content through this platform; and
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11.7 Collaboration, meaning that libraries can harness the collective power of the community of
libraries to innovate and share solutions.
12. Barriers to the Adoption of Cloud Computing for digital library in Bangladesh
Some key organizational concerns can act as barriers to the adoption of cloud computing. These
concerns are interoperability, latency, platform or language constraints, regulations, reliability, resource
control, and security (see Table 5).
Table 5: Cloud Computing Barriers
Concern
Why It Can Act as a Barrier to Cloud Computing Adoption
Interoperability
A universal set of standards and/or interfaces have not yet been defined,
resulting in a significant risk of vendor lock-in.
Latency
All access to the cloud is done via the internet, introducing lateency into every
communication between the user and the provider.
Platform or
Language
Constraints
Some cloud providers support specific platforms and languages only.
Regulations
There are concerns in the cloud computing community over jurisdiction, data
protection, fair information practices, and international data transfer—mainly
for organizations that manage sensitive data.
Reliability
Many existing cloud infrastructures leverage commodity hard-ware that is
known to fail unexpectedly.
Resource Control
The amount of control that the user has over the cloud provider and its
resources varies greatly between providers.
Security
The main concern is data privacy: users do not have control or knowledge of
where their data is being stored.
13. Solution of barriers to the Adoption of Cloud computing for digital library in Bangladesh:
Firstly the Government should take a whole-of-government approach to new security and privacy
issues arising from the use of cloud computing, by establishing a new taskforce to review the adequacy
of current legislation and identify what steps need to be taken to ensure a supportive regulatory
environment. Secondly Broadband pricing and policies of commercial and other providers to ensure
that unnecessary impediments to the uptake of Cloud Computing are minimized
14. Improvement of User Service Model in digital Libraries
With the rapid development of various IT technologies, users' information requirements are
increasingly personalized. And now more and more libraries advocated user-centered services. So
librarians should mine and study users' information requirements frequently. And only in this way, they
can master the basic demands of their users. And furthermore, library can develop itself according to
such information and improve users' satisfaction. Digital library, as we all know, is famous for its
academic and teaching influences. And IT technology has been the driving force of library
development. What's more, librarians can keep using new technology to develop library and optimize
library service. With the expansion of Cloud Computing application, this paper proposed to apply
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Cloud Computing in libraries. By establishing a pubic cloud among many digital libraries, it not only
can conserve library resources but also can improve its user satisfaction
14.1 Real-time Access Services Model
In the era of digital libraries, library users paid more attention to electronic journals, electronic
databases and so on. This is really a big challenge for digital libraries. But by introducing Cloud
Computing, digital libraries can establish a shared public cloud jointly [81. As shared cloud can have
infinite storage capacity and computing power theoretically. It can bring obvious benefits to libraries.
On one hand, allied libraries no longer consider the hardware cost; on the other hand, it can help reduce
the purchase of electronic database resources repeatedly among allied libraries. Meanwhile, users can
visit the shared resources by any terminal equipment, such as PC, 30 mobile phone or PDA only if you
can access to the Internet
14.2 Knowledge Service Model
In the context of the knowledge economy, knowledge resource has become the main resource affecting
productivity development. And digital libraries are the main departments of storing, processing and
spreading knowledge. So how to provide users with efficient transmission of information and
knowledge services became urgent task for librarians today T91. However, the Emergence of Cloud
Computing accelerated library's development. And the establishment of shared public cloud can save
manpower and material resources greatly among digital libraries. Therefore, with the aid of Cloud
Computing, librarians won't have to maintain their own equipments or deal with consultations
personally. And librarians will have more time and energy to offer users with their needed knowledgebased services but not only information.
14.3 All-oriented Service Model
Comparing with digital libraries, we can find that digital libraries are intended to provide services for
all the people. Besides the professors, teachers or students, all the people of that country can access to
the library resources. In addition, they also permit users access to many libraries' resources by handling
related certificate of that library. And fortunately, domestic libraries can also do this in the cloud
environment. Anybody who can through the legal network identity authentication has the right to visit
the joint resources of university libraries on the Internet [101]. In other words, digital libraries will
offer services for all the people with the help of Cloud Computing
15. Future Improvements in Digital Library Using Cloud Computing Technology
“Cloud computing” architecture features are pushing all the data and services to the web and the added
value in this transition may be used by a new generation of libraries where services and data coexist
transparently “in the cloud”. The cloud may now be seen as a collection of networked features.
Traditional libraries architectures may benefit with this new concept and lead to a new implementation
model:”cloud libraries”.
Organizations of all sizes can take more risks when it comes to creative, innovative technology ideas
when the new application will run on someone else’s infrastructure. Digital libraries do not have to
decide between devoting their limited server resources to the OPAC’s overflow traffic and a new
mobile web application that one of your colleagues wants to develop. If they’re both hosted in the
cloud, the resources devoted to each will shrink and expand as traffic rises and drops. Furthermore,
creating and configuring new virtual server instances is fast and easy in the cloud. Every cloud
computing server may work like computer server and save the server or the broad band resources and
so on. Cloud computing technology in digital library where every cloud represents any digital library
database resource, every two clouds or more clouds may compose a bigger cloud and might divide the
cloud or network of clouds by different section.
Digital libraries may soon be building and managing their own data centers. In addition to all the hype
and optimism surrounding cloud computing, there are still significant fears and doubts Industry
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Challenges points out. In particular, the major cloud computing vendors haven’t yet fully addressed
concerns about security, privacy and reliability. These concerns are leading some companies to build
their own private or hybrid clouds. A hybrid cloud is primarily based in a privately-owned and operated
data center, but it can shift some of its traffic and data processing requests to public cloud vendors such
as Amazon or Rack space on an as needed basis. This hybrid model would let digital libraries maintain
more control over the applications and data stores that contain sensitive, private information about
patrons. Moreover, digital libraries can continually adjust and fine-tune the balance between the tight
control of a private Information Technology infrastructure, and the flexibility and savings of cloudhosted infrastructure. Just as digital libraries presently cooperate with one another to buy Information
Technology equipment, bandwidth and the services of Information Technology professionals, Digital
libraries may soon cooperate in the building and management of data centers. Alternately, if enough
digital libraries express interest, a company such as Google, Amazon, Microsoft or another cloud
vendor might create a digital library Cloud similar to Google’s Government Cloud. Or, a library vendor
with deep Information Technology resources (e.g. OCLC or Sirsi Dynix) might build digital librarycentric cloud services on top of cloud infrastructure leased from one of the more established players.
16. Conclusion: Cloud computing is part of a bigger shift, which is that the “center of gravity” of
digital data is moving outside of corporations and into a wider ecosystem of companies, service
providers, communities and individuals.. It offers an opportunity for individuals and businesses in
developing countries to compete with those in advanced nations on an equal footing. Such an
opportunity will create tremendous growth in these countries and help in our fight against global
poverty. Cloud computing represents an exciting opportunity to bring on-demand applications to
Digital Library, in an environment of reduced risk and enhanced reliability. However, it is important to
understand that existing applications cannot just be unleashed on the cloud as is. Careful attention to
design will help ensure a successful deployment. Certainly cloud computing can bring about strategic,
transformation and even revolutionary benefits fundamental to digital libraries. For organizations
providing digital libraries with significant investment in traditional software and hardware
infrastructure, migration to the cloud will bring out considerable technology transition; for lessconstrained organizations or those with infrastructure nearing end-of-life, adaptation of cloud
computing technology may be more immediate.
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