Biodiversity
SLO # 3.1.1 :
Biodiversity : It is variation of life forms within ecosystem or on the
earth. It also refers to the variety or variation of living organisms.
Example : Unicellular and Multicellular is the example of biodiversity
present on the earth.
SLO # 3.1.2 :
Animals, Plants, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Fungi and Algae.
Eukaryotes : Organism made up of cell which contain nuclear
membrane.
Example : Human being and Animals.
Prokaryotes : Organism made up of cell which doesn’t contain nuclear
membrane.
Example : Bacteria and Cyano bacteria.
SLO # 3.1.3 :
By biodiversity we can study more easily.
We can know about how to fertilize soil.
We can know about from which organism we can get food.
We get information that we can use dung of cow as fuel.
We can maintain our ecosystem such as N2 and O2.
We get that we can use organisms in industry such as yeast and poison.
SLO # 3.2.1 :
Basis of Classification and Taxonomy :
Morphology : The study of external structure of living organism.
Anatomy : The study of internal structure of living organism.
Homology : The study of organ structure same but function different.
Analogy : The study of function same but structure different.
Embryology : The study of growth of zygote into embryo.
Example : Human arm, whale flapper and wings of bird.
SLO # 3.2.2 :
Aims and Principles of Classification : There is large number of
organisms found on earth. To study such a large collection, biologists
divided organisms into groups and sub groups. It determine similarities
and differences among organisms so that we can learn more easily and
to find the evolutionary relationship among organisms.
SLO # 3.3.1 :
Aristotle contributed in the classification of living organism as the
founder of biological classification by classifying all living organisms into
two main groups Plantae and Animalia. He also wrote book named de
Anima (on the soul) on the animals.
SLO # 3.3.2 :
Bases For Five Kingdom Classification :
The levels of cellular organization like prokaryotic, unicellular
eukaryotic and multicellular eukaryotic.
The principal modes of nutrition like photosynthesis, absorption and
ingestion.
The genetics levels were also considered as the base of five kingdom
classification.
SLO # 3.3.3 :
Two Kingdom Classification
It has only two kingdoms.
The base of classification is only
Nutrition.
No concept of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
It is introduced by Aristotle and
improved by Carolus Linnaeus.
Function and structure of animals
and plants are same.
Example : Kingdom Plantae and
Animalia.
Five Kingdom Classification
It has five kingdoms.
The base of classification is
Cytology, Anatomy etc.
Concept of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
It is introduced by Robert
Whittaker and improved by
Margulis and Schwartz.
Function and structure of animals
and plants are same.
Example : Kingdom Monera,
Protista, Plantae, Fungi and
Animalia.
SLO # 3.3.4 :
Five kingdom classification system explains all types of living organism
present on the earth than two kingdom classification. Two kingdom
classification only tells about plants and animals but five kingdom
classification tells about all organisms such as fungi, algae and
eukaryotes.
SLO # 3.3.5 :
Abu Usman Umer Aljahiz contributed the characteristics of 350 species
of animals in his book and wrote a book on Ant’s life.
SLO # 3.4.1 :
Kingdom : A kingdom is a group of related phylum.
Phylum : A phylum is a group of related classes.
Class : A class is a group of related orders.
Order : An order is a group of related families.
Family : A family is a group of related genera.
Genus : A genus is a group of related species.
Species : A species consists of similar organisms.
Human Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata / Vertebrates
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Homo sapiens
SLO # 3.5.1 :
Characteristics of Kingdom Prokaryotes :
They have prokaryotic cells which don’t have true nucleus.
Nuclear Membrane is absent here.
They have cell wall which is Non-Cellulose.
They are Autotrophic and Heterotrophic.
They are unicellular.
They are also found chains, clusters and colonies.
They can perform photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll in
their cytoplasm but few can do photosynthesis.
Example : Bacteria and Cyanobacteria.
SLO # 3.5.2 :
Characteristics of Kingdom Protoctista :
They have Eukaryotic cells which have true nucleus.
Nuclear Membrane is present here.
They have cell wall but present in some forms or various types.
They are photosynthetic, heterotrophic and combination.
They have unicellular and simple multicellular organisms.
Example : Algae, Protozoan and Fungi-Like.
Algae :
They are unicellular, colonial and simple multicellular.
They resemble to plant because they have cell wall and chlorophyll.
They don’t have multicellular sex organs.
They don’t form embryo during their life cycle.
Example : Spirogyra is kind of multicellular algae present in water and
Chlamydomonas is kind of unicellular algae.
Protozoan :
They resemble to animals whose cells have lack of chlorophyll and cell
wall.
Example : Amoeba, Euglena, Ent Amoeba, Plasmodium and
Paramecium.
Fungi-Like :
Those look like fungi.
Example : Slime molds
SLO # 3.5.3 :
Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi :
They have Eukaryotic cells.
Nuclear Membrane is present here.
They have cell wall which is made up of chitin.
They are Absorptive Heterotrophic.
They live on organic material, secrete digestive enzymes.
They haven’t chlorophyll.
There are 80000 species of fungi.
They are multicellular organisms.
They are decomposers which breaks large molecules into small
molecules.
Their body is composed of Hyphae.
Their body is called mycelium.
Mitosis takes place here.
Sexual and asexual reproduction takes place here.
They are also living free which are saperotrophic.
Example : Yeast and Mushroom.
They are also parasites which depend on other dead organisms for their
organisms.
Budding also takes place here.
They are also used in baking industries like yeast.
They are used in medicines like Penecillium Antibiotic.
It is also used in brewing industries like fungus.
They are spoiling food, human and plant diseases.
It is also used in food like Mushroom.
Example : Rhyzopus present in bread and also known as bread fungus.
SLO # 3.5.4 :
Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae :
They have Eukaryotic cells.
Nuclear Membrane is present here.
They have cell wall made up of cellulose and Lignin.
They are Autotrophic.
They can perform photosynthesis.
They have multicellular sex organs.
They can form embryo during their life cycle.
They are multicellular organisms.
They are Aquatic and land plants.
Sexual and asexual reproduction takes place here.
Example : Mosses and Ferns.
They have two types Bryophytes and Tracheophytes.
Bryophytes :
They don’t consist vascular bundles.
Their size is small and only 2 to 3 cm.
They are simplest plants.
They are present in cool, shadow and damp places.
Sexual and asexual reproduction takes place here.
They are also known as Amphibians plants.
Example : Herbs and shrubs.
Tracheophytes :
They are vascular plants.
They have large sizes.
They are found in higher places.
Sexual and asexual reproduction takes place here.
Example : Moss, Hornworts and Liverworts.
Pteridophytes :
They are vascular plants.
They are seed less plants.
They are found in terrestrial, land and hilly areas.
They have simple leaf.
Sexual and asexual reproduction takes place here.
They are neutral season which can grow in any season.
They are various in sizes.
Example : ferns
Spermatopsida :
It consist two types Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Gymnosperms :
Gymno : naked
Sperm : seed
They have seeds without enclosed fruits.
They don’t have flower and fruits.
They are ever green plants.
They are present in colder and higher regions like muree, quetta, gilgit
and Hunza.
Example : Chilgoza plant, Conifers and Thufa ( Morpankh ).
Angiosperms :
Angio : enclosed
Sperm : seeds
They have seeds are covered with fruits.
They are the largest group of plants.
They are present on most of areas of earth.
It has two types Monocotyledon and Dicotyledon.
Monocotyledon :
They have one cotyledon.
Example : Rice, corn, date, barley and palm.
Dicotyledon :
They have two cotyledon.
Example : Apple, mango, grapes, gram and pulses.
SLO # 3.5.5 :
Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia :
They have Eukaryotic cells.
Nuclear Membrane is present here.
They don’t have cell wall.
They are Heterotrophic.
They are multicellular organisms.
It has two types Vertebrates and Invertebrates.
Vertebrates :
It has five groups Pieces, Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves and Mammals.
Pieces :
They are fishes.
They have fins, gills and scales on their body.
They are aquatic animals.
Example : Labeo, Seahorse and Shark.
Amphibians :
They survive their half life in water and half life on land.
Example : Frog, Toad and Selemender.
Reptiles :
They are creepy animals.
Example : Crocodile and Snakes.
Aves :
They are birds.
They have wings and feathers on their body.
Example : Sparrow and Parrot.
Mammals :
They have hairs on their skin and female feed their young one.
Example : Human beings
Invertebrates :
Phylum Name
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Coelentrates
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Annelida
Characteristics
They have pores on their
body.
They have special cavity.
They are round worms.
They have segmented
bodies.
Phylum Arthropoda
They have jointed legs.
Phylum Echinodamoda They have spines on their
body.
Phylum Mollusca
They have soft body.
Phylum
They have flat body.
Platyhelminthes
Examples
Sycon and Sponge
Jelly fish and Hydra
Hook worm, Round
worm and Ascaris
Earth worm and
Leach
Insects and Scorpion
Star fish and Sea
Urchin
Snail and Mussel
Tape worm, Liver
fluke and Planaria
SLO # 3.5.6 :
They are between of living and non-living thing.
They are a cellular because they don’t have cellular organization.
They have DNA or RNA, encased in protein coat.
They cause number of diseases in human body.
They act as non-living particles when they are present in environment.
Once it will enter the living organism so they behave like living and
reproduce by their self.
They are not considered as organisms and that’s why they are not
included in five kingdom classification.
SLO # 3.6.1 :
Binomial Nomenclature :
Giving Scientific Names of living organisms.
Name composed of genus and species names.
First part of name should be genus and second part should be species.
First part always starts from capital letter and second will be small.
Example : Human name is Homo sapiens.
SLO # 3.7.1 :
Conservation of Biodiversity : To protect or preserve the species of
animals those who are going to extinct from the earth.
Importance of Conservation :
Conservation saves endangered species from extinct which is causing
more beauty of nature and also more study about other and ancient
animals.
It helps us from Acid Rain and Green House Effect by growing more
plant’s species which causes lack of these things.
It is saving animals and plants species which will help us one day like
getting more food, timber and fuel.
SLO # 3.7.2 :
The impact of human beings on biodiversity is lack of animals and
plants species. More animals are dead and their species are extinct
from the earth like Baboon and Dodo. The beauty of nature is
decreasing day by day and their habitats are destroyed which is causing
lack of species.
SLO # 3.7.3 :
Causes of Deforestation
Timber
Industrial
Resident
Fuel
Food
Causes of Hunting
Food
Money
Ornaments
Pleasure
Industrial
Effects of Deforestation
Less of Oxygen
CO2 More
Pollution
Lack of Habitats
Effects of Hunting
Lack of Species
Lack of Ecosystem
Lack of Beauty of Nature
Lack of Transportation
Soil Erosion
Flood and Rain
Lack of Food
SLO # 3.7.4 :
Human interference has made endangered the species of animals
because they find all their needs from these animals like food and
clothes so they do hunting and these are animals who have been
endangered by humans like Panda, Tortoise, Kiwi, Gorilla, Parrot, Tiger,
Kangaroo, Snakes, Baboon, Indus dolphin, dodo, hippopotamus and
Falcon.
Made By : Rehman Khosani