Macromolecules
Complete the following chart
Macromolecule
Monomer/Polymer
Elements/Components
involved
Examples
Protein
Amino
Acid/Polypeptide
C, H, O, N /
Carboxyl group, Amino
group, R group
Meats
Lipids
Fatty acids/
Triglycerides,
Phospholipids, Waxes,
Steroids
C, H /
Glycerol, Fatty acids,
Phosphate group
(phospholipids)
Oils
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide/
Polysaccharide
C, H, O /
Sugars
Bread
Nucleotide/DNA or RNA
C, H, O, N, P /
Sugar, Phosphate group,
Nitrogenous base
DNA
Nucleic Acids
Questions
1. What reagents are used to test for each of the macromolecules?
a. Lipids
Paper  Positive result: Transparent, Negative result: Opaque
b. Carbohydrates
Benedict’s solution  Positive result: Green/Orange, Negative result: Blue
c. Proteins
Biuret  Positive result: Purple, Negative result: Blue
d. Starch
Iodine  Positive result: Black, Negative result: Red/orange
The Cell
Vocabulary  identify the structure and function of the following organelles
 Mitochondria – organelle that creates energy
 Vacuole – organelle that stores water, wastes, and salts
 Plasma membrane – organelle that surrounds cell and regulates what can enter and leave the cell
 Nucleus – organelle that holds genetic information
 Cell wall – ridged organelle that surrounds plasma membrane and provides strength and structure
to plant and bacteria cells
 Golgi apparatus – organelle that packages and ships molecules in the cell
 Ribosomes – organelle that makes proteins
 Nuclear envelope – membrane that surround the nucleus
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum – organelle that aids in transport of molecules with ribosomes
attached to its membrane
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – organelle that aids in transport of molecules
 Chloroplast – organelle where photosynthesis takes place (plant cells only)
 Chromosomes – condensed form of DNA
Questions
1. List the scientists involved with early cell discoveries and identify their contribution.
Robert Hooke  Saw cork cells under microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek  Made first light microscope and saw first cells
2. How is surface area relevant to cell size?
Cell size is limited by its surface area. As cell size decreases, surface area increases.
3. What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
Smaller
Bacteria/Archaea
Unicellular
No membrane bound nucleus (nucleoid)
Eukaryotes
Larger
Plants/Animals
Multicellular
Membrane bound nucleus
4. What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant
Nucleus is off centered
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Central vacuole
Animal
Nucleus in center
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Cellular Transport
Vocab
 Diffusion – process where molecules move from high to low concentration without energy
 Osmosis – process where water molecules move from high to low concentration without energy
 Facilitated diffusion – process where molecules move from high to low concentration though a
protein channel
 Active transport – process where molecules move from low to high concentration with energy
 Passive transport – type of transport where no energy is required (high to low)
 Concentration gradient – where there is a change in the amount of solute in a solution
 Sodium-Potassium Pump – type of active transport where Na+ moves out of the cell and K+ into
the cell
 Endocytosis – type of active transport where molecules enter the cell via vesicles
 Exocytosis – type of active transport where molecules exit the cell via vesicles
 Pinocytosis – type of endocytosis where liquids enter the cell via vesicles
 Phagocytosis – type of endocytosis where solid particles enter the cell via vesicles
 Calcium ion channel – protein pump where calcium ions pass through
Questions
1. What is the difference between a hypertonic, hypotonic, and an isotonic solution?
Hypertonic  higher concentration outside the cell
Isotonic  same concentration outside and inside the cell
Hypotonic  lower concentration outside the cell
2. What happens to a plant cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? Hypotonic solution?
Hypertonic  central vacuole will release excess water and cell membrane may peel from
the cell wall to shrink (turgor pressure is LOW in the vacuole)
Hypotonic  central vacuole will take in excess water until the cell membrane pushes onto
the cell wall and causing the cell to bulge (turgor pressure is HIGH in the vacuole)
3. What happens to an animal cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? Hypotonic solution?
Hypertonic  cell will shrink
Hypotonic  cell will swell (possibly burst)
4. What is selective permeability and how is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?
Selectively permeable means the cell membrane has the ability to choose what is allowed to
enter and leave the cell. Our plasma membrane will only allow certain solutions and
molecule into the cell using specific types of cellular transport.