Reporting Category #1: Cell Structure and Function Notes
1. Levels of Organization
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ
system
organism
2. Life begins at the Cell level
3. Two major types of cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes are unicellular.
Prokaryotes are Bacteria.
Prokaryotes have no nucleus or
membrane bound organelle.
Prokaryotes are made up of the
following: DNA, Cell Wall, Cell
Membrane, Cytoplasm, *can have
flagella or cilia.
(Prokaryote shown above.)
Functions: Can cause disease, act as
decomposers, aid in digestion
Eukaryotes have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles* There are 2 types of Eukaryotic Cells
(shown below)
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Plant cell
Animal cell
Chlorplast
Centrioles which aid in cell
division
Cell Wall
Large Central Vacuole
storing Water
Vacuoles store waste or
food
Does Photosynthesis
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Cell Membrane
Do Cell Respiration
List Animal cell only traits:
List Plant cell only traits:
List traits that both Plants and Animal share:
*Keep in mind Eukaryotes are more complex. Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists are Eukaryotes. The
only type of Prokaryotes will be Bacteria and Archaebacteria.
4. Organelles and their Functions
Organelle
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Function
Contains genetic information
(DNA)
Regulate what enters and exits
the cell. This is the gatekeeper.
Rigid, helps cell maintain shape.
Within this organelle
photosynthesis occurs. This
organelle will be found in great
abundance in leaves. Makes
Glucose
Plant, Animal, or Both cells
Both
Both
Plant-cell wall made of cellulose
Fungi-wall made of chitin
Plant
Organelle cont’
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Large Central Vacuole
Vacuoles *small
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Golgi Body
Function
Within this organelle cell
respiration occurs. Cell
respiration makes ATP *the
energy molecule
Site of protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA is read and
amino acids are linked here
Stores water
*this will be larger than the
nucleus when you are looking at
a plant cell
Store waste or food
Aid in cell division. Pull
chromosomes apart
Contain digestive enzymes to
breakdown food and cellular
waste
Package, Modify, Sort, and
prepare proteins for export out
of cell
Plant, Animal, or Both cells
Both
Both
Plant
Animals
Animals
Animal
Both
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Has ribosomes on surface,
makes proteins for export
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Lacks ribosomes. Involved in
making Lipids (what are lipids?
Your fats, waxes, and what
membranes are made of)
Both
5.Cell Theory:
1. All living things made of cells
2. Pre-existing life comes from cells
3. Cell is basic unit of life
Plants are made of cells. Animals made of cells. Protists made of cells. Fungi made of cells. Bacteria are
cells. All are living based on description of cell theory.
6.What is a Virus? Are they classified as living or not?
A virus is made of a capsid and genetic information. The capsid is also described as a protein coat.
Facts about Viruses:
Cannot survive or reproduce outside of host cell.
Must use host cell DNA
Do not respond to antibiotics like Bacteria do
Do not have a cellular structure
Do not have a metabolism *a way to make and use energy
on own
Both
can be prevented with vaccines
Evolve
have genetic info *rna, dna
can be controlled with good
hygiene
Bacteria
respond to antibiotics
Virus
reproduce and
non living
can live outside the body of
host
cannot reproduce on own
are living
need host
7.Cell Transport
Active Transport: uses ATP (energy molecule) to move molecules. Active transport will go against the
concentration gradient another words moving particles from Low concentration to a High concentration
across a membrane. Think about pushing a cart up hill. You will use more energy to accomplish the job.
Types of Active transport
Endocytosis: move substances into the cell. Ameoba will eat this way, engulfing their food.
Exocytosis: move substances out of cell. Getting waste out of cell using vacuoles.
Top image: Example of Endocytosis
Bottom image: Example of Exocytosis
Types of Passive Transport
Passive transport does not use energy. It will move particles from High concentration to Low
concentration through a membrane. Think of this as pushing the wagon downhill. This will go with the
concentration gradient.
Diffusion is the movement of particles or molecules from high to low concentration. I like to tell kids this
is like farting, but another example is mixing sugar in cool aide. The idea is that the substances will
spread out evenly.
Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Three types of
Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic
Hypertonic- cell will shrivel because there is a greater water concentration inside of cell. You may also
see this as a high solute in the environment. Another words lots of salt in environment not in cell so
water will exit cell trying to stabilize the environment
Hypotonic- cell will swell because there is a great water concentration outside the cell than inside. The
environment is pure water *distilled water. Inside cell has high solute or salt concentration so water will
rush in to stabilize the environment
Isotonic- equal water into and out of cell. It is important that our red blood cells maintain isotonic so
able to carry oxygen to our cells
Tips: Animal cells want Isotonic
because we do not have cell walls to
maintain shape.
Plants want Hypotonic more water in
than out. This makes sense.
Plant Picture of Osmosis
Above Left: Hypotonic
Above Right: Hypertonic
What you need to know about Facilitated Diffusion is that it will use proteins to make substances from
High to Low concentrations. Since it still goes with the gradient is gets to keep term Diffusion but since it
needs a little help from proteins it gets Facilitated.
Additional Cell Transport Vocabulary:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lysis-to burst
Plasmolysis-to shrink or shrivel this occurs in hypertonic
Cytolysis-to burst or lyse this occurs in hypotonic
Homoeostasis- maintain stable internal balance to continue life processes