Cell Book
Name ________KEY________________
History of Cells
Robert Hooke
Invented the word “cell” because he thought they looked like rooms.
Cell Theory
1. Cells are alive.
2. All living things are made of cells.
3. All cells have to come from other cells.
Levels of Organization
Largest
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ system
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Smallest
Molecules
Atom
Cells
Tell the difference between unicellular and
multicellular and an advantage of each.
Unicellular:
Uni = one
Definition: One celled living organism.
Example: Protista, Bacteria, Amoeba
Advantage: Simple, Reproduce asexually
Multicellular:
Multi= many
Definition: a living organism made of more than one cell
Example: Animals, plants, fungi
Advantage: Organisms can divide work into specialized cells
Lab Safety
List safety considerations you took when doing the
microscope lab; looking at cheek and plant cells.
Wear goggles, gloves, and apron.
Prokaryotic Cells
1. What is the basic definition of a prokaryotic cell?
A prokaryote is a small, usually single-celled, organism that has no nucleus and no
other specialized organelles.
2. What is the meaning of the word parts “pro-” and “karyo-”, and
how can these word meanings help you understand what a
prokaryotic cell is?
Pro- means “before”, and “karyo-“ means nucleus of a cell; so, prokaryote means
a cell that originated before the nucleus and has no nucleus.
3. What specialized structures, if any, are present in
prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells typically have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes,
genetic material, and flagella or cilia.
4. What are examples of prokaryotic cells?
Examples of prokaryotic cells include eubacteria and archaebacteria.
5. How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?
Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission. The DNA in the cell is copied, and
then it grows larger and eventually splits into two cells. The two cells are
genetically identical.
6. What are some ways that prokaryotic cells obtain energy?
Prokaryotes can obtain energy through photosynthesis (light), chemosynthesis
(inorganic chemicals), or by digesting other organisms.
Prokaryotic Cells
Draw and Color a prokaryotic cell and Label
organelles. Highlight the organelles that are
common for Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic.
Eukaryotic Cells
1. What is the basic definition of a eukaryotic cell?
A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles like
mitochondrion, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic
reticulum.
2. What is the meaning of the word parts “eu-” and “karyo-”, and
how can these word meanings help you understand what a
eukaryotic cell is?
Eu- means “good, well, or true”, and “karyo-“ means nucleus or nut. This means a
eukaryotic cell has a true nucleus.
3. What specialized structures, if any, are present in eukaryotic
cells?
Eukaryotic cells always have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membranebound organelles such as: chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
mitochondrion, plastids, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, vacuoles, and vesicles.
4. examples of eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells include plant cells, animal cells, fungi, and protists.
5. How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?
Eukaryotic cells reproduce through mitosis or meiosis.
6. What are some ways that eukaryotic cells obtain energy?
Eukaryotic cells can obtain energy through photosynthesis or from digesting
organic compounds.
Eukaryotic Cells
Draw and Color a Eukaryotic cell and Label
organelles. Highlight the organelles that are
common for Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells.
PROKARYOTIC
Genetic material
located in
nucleoid region.
Absence of
membrane
bound nucleus.
Ribosomes (makes
EUKARYOTIC
Cytoplasm
Genetic material
located in
membrane bound
organelle (nucleus).
Cell
membrane
Has membrane
bound organelles.
Ribosome
Uses mitochondria
to produce energy.
DNA
protein – made of
RNA and protein)
Mnemonic for remembering Pro vs. Eu
Pro = No (no nucleus or membrane bound organelles)
Eu = you (same cells as you, you have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles)
Cell Pictures
Bacteria
Protista
Animal
Plant
Plant vs. Animal Cells
PLANT
Chloroplast
Central
Vacuole
Cell Wall
ANIMAL
All other
organelles
DNA
Nucleus
Cell Organelles
The definition of an organelle is:
_______Small organ – organ like structures within a cell_____
Cell Part
Found in
Prokaryotic,
Eukaryotic,
or Both
Ribosome
Both
ER
Eu
Cytoplasm
Both
Structure/Function
1.
The sites of protein synthesis
2.
Transports materials within the cell
3.
The region inside the cell except for the nucleus
4.
Organelle that manages or controls all the cell
functions in a eukaryotic cell
5.
Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps
energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color.
Can increase pH when plant is in water.
Chloroplast
6.
Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles
and invading viruses or bacteria
Lysosome
7.
Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in
plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protests
Cell wall
8.
Produces a usable form of energy for the cell
Mitochondria
Eu
9.
Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
Golgi body
Eu
10.
The membrane surrounding the cell; Composed of a
phospholipid bilayer; controls what goes in and out of
the cell
Cell
membrane
Both
11.
Small hair-like structures used for movement or
sensing things
Cilia / Pilli
12.
Longer whip-like structures used for movement
Flagella
Organelle
Cell Wall
Plant Animal
Cells
Cells
X
Vesicle
X
Chromatin
X
Plant
Cells
X
Eu
Eu
Animal
Cells
Mitochondria
X
Chloroplast
Organelle
Nucleus
X
Nucleolus
X
X
Nucleus
X
X
Plasma
membrane
X
X
Eu
Eu
Both
Both
Cytoplasm
X
X
Central vacuole
X
Cytoskeleton
X
X
Ribosome
X
X
Endoplasmic
reticulum
X
X
Vacuole
X
X
Golgi apparatus
X
X
Lysosome
X
X
Draw a “City” and make correlating buildings
and organelles. (ex. Mitochondria = factory)
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis Research Questions:
1. What did Kwang Jeon discover when researching Amoeba infected by bacteria?
He observed that Amoeba had been attacked by a bacterial infection, and lots of the Amoeba had died.
However, some survived and continued to reproduce. After investigating the remaining Amoeba and their
offspring, he noticed they were very healthy. He thought maybe they were able to fight off the bacteria,
but instead, he found they were still infected with the bacteria but were not dying. The bacteria were no
longer making the Amoeba sick. Then, he killed off the bacteria using antibiotics and was surprised to see
that the Amoeba also died. It seemed the Amoeba and bacteria had formed a relationship in which they
both needed each other to survive. After researching, Jeon found that the bacteria made a protein that
the Amoeba needed to survive.
2. What is endosymbiosis?
Endosymbiosis occurs when one organism begins to live within another organism and both organisms
benefit from this. Eventually, the two organisms evolve to become one new single organism.
3. How does the meaning of the root words “endo-“ and “-symbiosis” help you
understand the meaning of endosymbiosis?
“Endo-“ means within, so this helps remember that one organism lives within another organism.
“-Symbiosis” means a relationship between organisms in close association with each other, so this helps
remember that the two organisms have some sort of relationship and in this situation, it benefits both
organisms.
4. How does endosymbiosis play a role in the evolution of prokaryotes to
eukaryotes, and how are mitochondria important to this evolution?
Scientists believe that long ago, two separate bacteria (prokaryotes) evolved to become eukaryotes.
There were free-living bacteria that are similar to today’s mitochondrion. Another prokaryote bacteria
digested or engulfed the mitochondrion-like bacteria, and instead of destroying it, it stayed within the
bacteria and helped it get energy. After a long time, the two evolved into one, leading to the eukaryotic
cell.
5. What is the evidence scientists have to support endosymbiosis and the evolution
of prokaryotes to eukaryotes?
Mitochondrion has its own membrane, just like a prokaryote has a cell membrane. Mitochondrion has its
own DNA, like prokaryotes but smaller. When a cell replicates, the mitochondrion passes on its DNA,
separately from the cell’s DNA that is in the nucleus. Mitochondrion reproduce by pinching in half, which
is the same way that prokaryotes reproduce. Each new mitochondrion must come from another
mitochondrion. If a cell were to have all its mitochondria removed, the cell could not make any more.
6. What is another cell organelle that is thought to have originated through
endosymbiosis?
Scientists believe that chloroplasts also underwent endosymbiosis because they have many similarities to
mitochondrion (membrane, own DNA, and reproduce itself).
7. Could you find free-living mitochondrion today? Why or why not?
No, mitochondrion and chloroplasts have evolved to become dependent on their host cell. They would be
unable to survive without proteins made by the host cell, so they are no longer free-living.
8. What are some questions scientists still have about endosymbiosis?
Scientists have still not determined how the original host and mitochondrion-like bacteria came together;
was it being eaten? Was it trying to infect the cell? They are still trying to determine the species of
bacteria that came together. They are working on finding answers using DNA technology.
Endosymbiosis
Draw and label a cell going through
endosymbiosis.
What will this cell become?
A primitive animal cell
List the evidence that supports
endosymbiosis.
1.
Double membranes in organelle
2.
Similar methods of reproduction
3.
Presence of circular DNA
4.
Each mitochondria has to come from another mitochondria