Biology.
Dr. Cascio
Name __________________ Date ____________
Domains of Life
Classification of Living Things
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotes (See page 459)
Kingdom Archaebacteria: Archaebacteria (meaning old bacteria) are considered
the oldest group of organisms on Earth. They survive today in some of those
extreme environments.
1. List some of the extreme environments in which Archaebacteria live today.
2. Why do they live in these environments?
3. Do some species of Archaebacteria live in environments in which we live?
4. List some of their main characteristics:
unicellular or multicellular?
source of nutrition
cell wall composition - peptidoglycans or not?
5. Examples:
Kingdom Eubacteria: Eubacteria (meaning true bacteria) are found almost
everywhere. You carry ten times the number of bacterial cells as you do human
cells. There are two main types of bacteria: Gram positive (purple) and Gram
negative (pink) depending on the color they turn when stained with Gram stain.
Most of the pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria are Gram positive. Staph and
Strep are Gram positive. Bacteria also come in three main shapes: coccus (round),
bacillus (rods), and spiral. Label the diagram with the shapes.
__________
__________
1. List some of the main characteristics of Eubacteria:
unicellular or multicellular?
sources of nutrition:
cell wall composition - peptidoglycans or not?
2. Examples:
p 459
__________
Eukaryotes
In 1967 Lynn Margulis proposed the Endosymbiotic Theory. It states that
mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotes that were engulfed (“eaten”)
by a Eukaryote and instead of being digested, eventually tuned into organelles. All
Eukaryotes have mitochondria. All photosynthetic Eukaryotes have chloroplasts.
1. Why do they think that the mitochondrion became an endosymbiont before
chloroplasts?
together
2. How did the organism that became the chloroplast get its nutrition when it
was a prokaryote?
Kingdom Protists (Protista is the old form). Protists are a diverse group of
organisms that are together because they do not fit into any of the other Eukaryote
kingdoms.
1. List some of the main characteristics of Protists: p 459
unicellular or multicellular? mostly unicellular
sources of nutrition:
2. Protists are grouped loosely into those that are animal-like, fungus-like, and
plant-like. Give examples for each group and draw a picture of one of the
example from each group:
a) animal-like 497
b) fungus-like 505
c) plant-like 516 algae
Kingdom Fungi: The Fungi consist of four main groups. Give an example of each
and draw a simple picture of each.
1. molds (Zygomycota) (sac fungi)
page 527
2. cup mushrooms (Ascomycota)
3. club fungi (Basidiomycota)
4. imperfect fungi (Deuteromycota)
5. List some of the main characteristics of Fungi:
unicellular or multicellular?
sources of nutrition: decomoposers
6. Look at picture 21-2 on page 528. Which part of the mushroom is used to
obtain food and which is for sexual reproduction?
7. Do fungi make their own food?
8. Why did the fungus and the algae get married? Because they took a lichen to
each other.
What are lichen? see picture 21-16
fungus + algae
9. Bring in one fungus joke to share with the class.
Kingdom Plantae: Plants are mulitcelluar and make their own food (autotroph)
through photosynthesis. Plants evolved from Chlorophytes, (green, freshwater
algae) and have made the jump to land (although some now group algae with
plants). They needed many adaptations in order to live on land and grow tall.
1. What do you think might be some of the problems with living on land?
together
2. What challenges do you think they need to solve in order to be tall?
Plants belong to four main groups, each having a new structure that allows them to
survive on land:
I.
Mosses (Bryophytes) (Non-vascular Plants ) Mosses, liverworts, and
hornworts need water for their reproduction. They obtain water by osmosis and
Diffusion. low to ground, moist areas
1. Mosses are closest to the green algae they evolved from. In what type of
environment do you think mosses live (on land but similar to algae’s
environment)?
2. They don’t have a vascular system (xylem and phloem) to move sugars and
water around the plant. Also, mosses do not have true roots, stems, or leaves.
Do you think that they are mostly tall or short?
II.
Ferns (Tracheophytes) ( Vascular Plants ). Ferns have a vascular system
for transport of water, minerals, sugars, and other nutrients throughout the
plant’s body.
1. What do you think might be an advantage to having a vascular system?
2. They produce spores on the fronds (leaves).
3. Part of their lives they have two sets of chromosomes (as we do) and part
of their lives they only have one set of chromosomes (as the mosses and
most of the Protists). They are exposed to the sun which can cause harmful
mutations to their DNA. Two sets of chromosomes protects somewhat
from these harmful effects. Which form do you think is found in stronger
sunlight, the part with two sets of chromosomes or the part with one set?
III.
Coniferous (cone-bearing) (Gymnosperms). Examples: pines, redwoods, and
fir (evergreen)
1. Seeds are the next big advantage for plants on land. What advantage do
you think seeds give to the conifers?
p 565
2. Which type of plant is more successful (covers more of the Earth),
conifers or ferns?
3. What advantage do you think pine needles in evergreens have over the
leaves of deciduous trees? Remember that pine trees do not lose their
needles during winter and deciduous trees in temperate forests drop their
leaves it the autumn.
p 568
IV.
Flowering plants (Angiosperms).
1. Flowers are obviously the next big advantage here. What advantage do
flowers provide? spread seeds over larger area
p 569
2. There are two types of Angiosperms: dicots and monocots. The suffix
‘cot’ or ‘cotyledon’ refers to the first leaves after a seed sprouts. Which
plant in the picture do you think is a monocot? dicot? Label.
p 570
Kingdom Animalia. Animals are all multicellular, heterotrophs (get food by
eating other organisms).
1. There are over 30 different phyla of Animalia and most of them are
invertebrates (without a backbone).
2. Phylum Chordata is where animals with backbones are classified (although
there are 2 ancient types of chordates without backbones. Characteristics of
all chordates include:
a) notochord (will be replaced by a backbone in most chordates)
b) dorsal nerve chord (will develop into the brain and spinal chord)
c) pharyngeal gill slits (will develop into gills in fish, but not gills in
humans )
d) a tail beyond the anus
Phylum Chordata is divided into several groups. Give an example of each:
a) cartilaginous fish (they have cartilage instead of hard bones) p 779
b) boney fish
c) amphibians
d) reptiles
e) birds
f) Mammals are further divided. Give an example of each. p 828
i.
lay eggs (monotremes) platypus
ii.
have pouches (marsupials) kangaroo
iii.
have placentas (placental mammals) dog, cat, etc.
Kingdom Animalia