CLASSIFICATION OF
LIFE
• As living things are constantly being
investigated, new characteristics are
revealed that affect how organisms are
placed in a standard classification system.
Three Domains of Life
• Scientists have classified all living organisms into
three super kingdoms or domains
– Bacteria – contains the kingdom Eubacteria
– Archaea – contains the kingdom Archaebacteria
– Eukarya – contains the kingdoms Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia
Six Kingdoms
of Life
• The grouping of organisms into kingdoms
is based on 4 factors:
– 1. Cell Type
• Prokaryote or Eukaryote
– 2. Cell Number
• Unicellular or Multicellular
– 3. Feeding Type
• Heterotroph or Autotroph
– 4. Method of Reproduction
• Asexual or Sexual
1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of
cellular structures such as the nucleus, or a
cell wall
Prokaryotes
&
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
• DO NOT HAVE:
•a membrane bound
nucleus
•any membrane bound
organelles
Prokaryotes
• Cells DO HAVE:
• DNA
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
Eukaryotes
• Cells DO HAVE:
• separate membrane bound nucleus
• other organelles
2. Cell # - Whether the organisms exist as
single cells or as many cells
•Unicellular- single-celled organism
•Multicellular- many-celled organism
3. Feeding Type - How the organisms get
their food
–Autotroph or Producer
•Makes it’s own food
–Heterotroph or Consumer
•Must eat other organisms to survive
Viruses
• Viruses do not share many of the
characteristics of living organisms.
HIV Virus
Viruses
• Viruses are not cells.
• Basic viral structure
consists of a nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA) core
surrounded by a protein
coat.
• Viruses cannot reproduce
only replicate inside a
living cell, the host cell.
DNA or
RNA
There used to be only 5 kingdoms
1. Moneran
2.
3.
4.
5.
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
This kingdom has now been divided
into 2 – Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
6 Kingdoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Eukaryotes
Plantae
Animalia
Kingdom
Presence of
Nucleus
Number of
Cells
Form of
Nutrition
Type of
Reproduction
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph
Asexual
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Both
Asexual
Protista
Eukaryote
Most
Unicellular
Both
Both
Fungi
Eukaryote
Most
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Both
Plantae
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Autotroph
Both
Animalia
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Most
Sexual
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Ancient bacteria– Live in very harsh
environments,
such as hot springs
and salt flats
– Extremophiles
Kingdom Eubacteria
• It is the eubacteria that
most people are talking
about when they say
bacteria, because they
live in more neutral
conditions.
Bacteria
• Bacteria are unicellular
prokaryotes
Bacterial Shapes
• Bacteria come in 3
main shapes
– Rod or Stick (bacilli)
– Sphere (cocci)
– Helical or spiral
(spirillus)
Bacterial Nutrition
• Some bacteria are
autotrophs and can
photosynthesize
• Some bacteria are
heterotrophs
Kingdom Protista
• Protists include many
widely ranging
organisms, including
slime molds, protozoa
and primitive algae.
• Odds & Ends Kingdom
Protists
• There are animal-like, fungus-like, and
plant-like protists
• Some are beneficial and some can cause
diseases
Disease
Protist
Vector
(carrier)
Symptoms
Details
Amebic
dysentery
Ameba
histolytica
water
diarrhea
can get from tap
water in some places
Giardaisis
(beaver fever)
Giardia
water
diarrhea,
vomiting
don't drink water
from streams
African
Sleeping
Sickness
Trypanosoma
Tse tse fly
uncontrolled
sleepiness,
confusion
Only found in
isolated areas
lives in blood
Plasmodium
Anopheles
mosquito
fever, chills,
death
can be treated with
quinine
lives in blood
results in millions
deaths per year
Toxoplasma
cats
fetal death or
brain damage
pregnant women
should avoid cat
litter
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Protists Locomotion
• 3 types of movement:
– Pseudopod (false foot)
– Flagella/cilia
– Contractile vacuoles
Protists Nutrition
• Protists can be
autotrophs or
heterotrophs
Kingdom Fungi
• The Kingdom Fungi
includes some of the most
important organisms decomposers.
• By breaking down dead
organic material, they
continue the cycle of
nutrients through
ecosystems.
• All fungi are
eukaryotic
• They may be
unicellular or
multicellular
• All fungi have a
cell wall
Fungi
Unicellular
(yeast)
Multicellular
Fungi
• Fungi can be very
helpful and delicious
• Many antibacterial
drugs are derived
from fungi
Penicillin
Fungi
• Fungi also causes a number of plant and
animal diseases:
•Athlete's Foot
•Ringworm
Fungi Nutrition
• All fungi are
heterotrophs
• They absorb
nutrients from dead
organic matter
• They are saprophytes
Kingdom Plantae
• All plants are
multicellular
autotrophs that
have a cell wall.
• 4 important plant groups are the:
– Mosses, ferns, & liverworts
– Ferns
– Cone producing – Gymnosperms
– Flower producing - Angiosperms
Kingdom Animalia
All animals are
multicellular
heterotrophs that
LACK a cell wall and
are capable of
movement at some
point in their lives.
• Animals are also classified by their skeletal
system
– Invertebrate: has a hard external skeleton
made of chitin known as an exoskeleton
– Vertebrate: has a hard internal skeleton made
of bone
• Invertebrates
• Vertebrates