1-6 E
C
Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotes include _______________, _______________, _______________ and
_______________.

These cells have a _______________ plasma membrane, unlike the double membrane in bacteria.

The most distinguishing feature of eukaryotes is the presence of a _______________ that contains the _______________.

Eukaryotes are commonly _______________-times larger than bacteria cells. Due to the morecomplicated nature of eukaryotes, they have a _______________ made of protein fibers throughout the cell that help with cell shape and _______________ traffic.

Eukaryotes also contain additional membrane-bound compartments called _______________, which have specific functions.

A significant number of specific biochemical processes occur in the _______________.
Animal Cell Plant Cell o Both animal and plant cells have a _______________, _______________, and a
_______________. o The big differences between the two are that plant cells have…
 _______________ - the site of photosynthesis.

_______________
 _______________ - a rigid membrane composed of cellulose.


Eukaryotic cells have an interior that is divided by an _______________ membrane that is everchanging, and helps to regulate the flow of intracellular traffic.

Most multicellular eukaryotes have specialized cells that are organized into _______________ where the cells are embedded within an extracellular _______________ containing proteins and polysaccharides. The matrix physically supports the tissue and can direct cell growth and movement.
The Nucleus

Most obvious structure within a eukaryotic cell.

Surrounded by the nuclear _______________, which is continuous with the _______________
_______________.
 The cell’s control center, holding 95% of the _______________, packed with positively-charged proteins called _______________, and coiled into a dense mass called _______________.

DNA _______________ and DNA _______________ into RNA occur in the nucleus.

Most eukaryotes have a _______________ in the nucleus where RNA _______________ and
_______________ assembly occurs.

Most eukaryotes contain _______________ linear chromosomes of DNA compared to a
_______________ circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes.

Eukaryotes undergo _______________, where new DNA and histones are synthesized, and the chromosomal material condenses and separates into two identical sets of chromosomes. The cell then pinches in two to complete the cell division.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus

The ER is a network of membrane sheets and tubules that extends from the outer membrane of the _______________.

The ER is coated with ribosomes that synthesize _______________.

The aqueous layer within the ER is called the _______________, which collect proteins from the
ER and transport them via _______________ to the Golgi Apparatus for sorting and secretion.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi
Apparatus

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from _______________ that began interacting with primitive eukaryotic cells over one billion years ago.

Mitochondria are the main sites of oxidative energy _______________. o Has an inner and outer membrane.
 Inner – highly folded, with 3-5 times the surface area of the outer.

Inside the inner membrane is the mitochondrial _______________, which contains many of the enzymes involved in aerobic energy metabolism. o Oxidizes _______________ acids, _______________ acids, and _______________ acids to _______________ _______________, _______________ and _______________.
This is biological _______________. o Drives the conversion of adenosine diphosphate (_____) and inorganic phosphate
(_____) to _______________ _______________ (_____), a phosphorylation process.
 ATP is used for _______________, _______________ of certain molecules and ions, and for the generation of mechanical _______________ for
_______________ and muscle _______________.

Chloroplasts are the sites of _______________. o Similar to mitochondria, but have a third highly folded membrane called the
_______________ membrane.

This contains chlorophyll and other pigments involved in the capture of
_______________ energy.

The energy captured is used to form _______________ from _______________
_______________ and _______________.
Mitochondrion Chloroplast

Specialized Vesicles

Specialized digestive vesicles that are highly acidic called _______________ are present in eukaryotic cells. o Contain enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of cellular macromolecules such as
_______________ and _______________ acids. o Can also digest large particles such as retired _______________, and _______________ that are ingested by the cell.

Other specialized vesicles also contain _______________, which carry out oxidation reactions that produce toxic _______________ _______________, which is also used to oxidize other compounds. Excess H
2
O
2
is decomposed to water and oxygen by peroxisomal enzyme catalase.

Another specialized vesicle is a _______________, which are storage sites for water, ions and nutrients such as glucose.
The Cytoskeleton

A protein scaffold required for _______________, internal _______________, and
_______________ of the cell.

Contains three types of protein filaments: o _______________ filaments (microfilaments) are the most abundant cytoskeletal component. o _______________ are strong, rigid fibers that act as an internal skeleton for the cytoplasm. They also form the mitotic spindle during mitosis, and can form structures capable of directing movement (cilia and flagella). o Intermediate filaments help the cell resist external mechanical _______________.