Bio101
Midterm III Study Guide
4/19/14
How do cells reproduce?
39.
Show the products of mitosis and meiosis - draw daughter cells resulting from meiosis and
mitosis for cells with 2n=4, 6, or 8. Make sure that you have both the proper number and proper
potential chromosomes in each cell.chapter 8
40.
Identify the cells that go through meiosis and mitosis - Given a list of cells identify which
cells go through meiosis. chapter 8
41.
Differentiate genotype and phenotype. - Given the type of inheritance of a trait, and the
genotype, give the phenotype. Given the phenotype, and the mode of inheritance, give the possible
genotypes. Chapter 9
42.
Link meiosis and genetics by showing the results of meiosis and mitosis on genotype. - Show
the daughter cells formed through meiosis where a dominant and recessive gene are clearly identified.
Show all possible genotypes using a punnet square. Full credit requires all possible combinations of
alleles with the correct probabilities. chapter 8 & 9
43.
Link molecular genetics to Mendalian genetics by predicting the presence and effect of
alleles resulting in dominant, recessive and incomplete dominant traits. - Predict whether a gene is
recessive or dominant based upon how it is expressed. If you have the effect of each allele you should
be able to predict whether the genes are expressed. give an example of a recessive allele, dominant
allele, and mixed dominance allele. chapter 9
o What does it mean if I say that parkinsons is a recessive trait? what genotypes would carry the
phenotype? be able to do this with any recessive trait.
o What does it mean if I say that parkinsons is a dominant trait? what genotypes would carry the
phenotype? be able to do this with any dominant trait.
o What does it mean if I say that parkinsons is a incomplete dominance trait? what genotypes
would carry the phenotype? be able to do this with any incomplete dominance trait.
o Given the genotypes TT, Tt, and Tt what would the phenotypes be if the trait was 1) dominant,
2) recessive, 3) incomplete dominance? You should be able to do this regardless of the name of
the trait.
o Given the genotype of the parents, predict the probability of occurance for their progeny
44.
Differentiate between heterozygous and homozygous - given the geneotypes, determine if the
individual is heterozygous or homozygous. Then use that information combined with the type of trait
(dominant, recessive, incomplete dominant) to determine the phenotype. chapter 9
45.
Determine whether a human karyotype indicates a genetic disorder by looking at the number
of chromosomes chapter 8
What are the sources of genetic variation?
46.
Explain why a change in DNA can result in a change in traits. - given a strand of mRNA that
codes for a trait, what possible effects could a point mutation have on the expressed trait? Chapter 10
47.
Identify and create the three types and four effects of mutations. - given a strand of mRNA
and a mutated strand of mRNA, identify the type of mutation that occurred.Chapter 10
48.
Predict the amino acid sequence from a strand of mRNA, given the codon table. - - given a
strand of mRNA and a codon table, show the resulting protein sequence. Remember to correctly
identify the start and stop codons.Chapter 10
49.
Use a string of mRNA to show the effect of different mutation types on the resulting amino
acid sequence. - given a strand of mRNA, draw out a new strand of mRNA illustrating each of the
mutation types and their effects.Chapter 10
50.
What is the ultimate source of variation in organisms?
How do populations Evolve?
Bio101
Midterm III Study Guide
4/19/14
51.
What is the difference between artificial and natural selection? - given a scenario identify
the type of selection occurring (note this will expand to more than natural and artificial in future
classes)chapter 13
52.
What is the definition of evolution? - given a scenario, is evolution occurring? (requires a
change in allele frequency) chapter 13
53.
Identify selective agents - Given a scenario, what is the selective agent or given a change in
traits, propose a possible selective agent.Chapter 13
54.
Predict the outcome of selection based fitness - 1) given information on the fitness of
individuals in a population, predict how traits are likely to change in the next generation 2) given a
scenario, predict which of the individuals are the most fit chapter 13
55.
What is the definition of a species - given a scenario, identify whether the two organisms are
the same or different species based upon the different definitions of a species Chapter 14
Part II: Chapter questions (8, 9, 10, 13, 14)
Chapter 8. Mitosis and Meiosis
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What are the results of meiosis and mitosis (ie possible chromosomes, number of daughter cells)?
Which cells undergo cellular fission, mitosis and meiosis?
What is a karyotype and how would you use a karyotype to detect a chromosomal disorder?
I will not focus on the steps of mitosis and meiosis, but instead on the end results.
We will discuss this chapter more when we discuss sources of variation. (crossing over, jumping
genes)
Chapter 9. Mendelian genetics
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How are traits inherited from ones parents (connect meiosis with fertilization)?
What are dominant, recessive, and incomplete dominant traits?
Know and be able to apply some basic terminology (homologous chromosomes, homozygous,
heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, etc)
Determine the probability of all phenotypes given the genotypes of parents.
Chapter 10. Molecular genetics: making proteins
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What are the components of DNA and RNA?
What are the different types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)?
How does DNA code for proteins? (process of transcription and translation)
o What is a codon?
o How does the code for a protein move from DNA to the final protein?
o What is the role of ribosomes?
o Read a codon table (note do not memorize the codon table) (note: part of variation section.
May not be included in this midterm)
Bio101
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Midterm III Study Guide
4/19/14
How would a mutation affect a protein? (note: part of variation section. May not be included in this
midterm)
What are the different types of proteins? (note: part of variation section. May not be included in this
midterm)
Chapter 13. How Populations Evolve
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Before we started the section on evolution we were concerned with sources of variation. Why is
variation important for natural selection?
Read the observations and inferences made by Darwin concerning Natural Selection. Where does
Meiosis fit in? How does genetics play a role in fitness? Do all organisms born have the same
likelihood of survival? Is the survival of an individual likely to be based upon its traits?
What is the gene pool? How does it relate to evolution?
Other than Natural Selection, what processes can alter gene frequencies? What is the fundamental
distinction between Natural selection and these other processes?
What are stabilizing, disruptive and directional selection? How would you determine the type of
selection a population was under?
What limits natural selection?
Predict the effect of selection on phenotype given fitness data.
Identify and create scenarios illustrating different types of selection
Determine whether a population is evolving
Chapter 14. The Origin of Species
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What are the different ways that scientists define species? Although species classified by one definition
are usually also defined by the other methods, there are exceptions. Try to think of examples of
organisms that might be classified differently depending upon the species definition used. Use your
imagination.
Speciation occurs when a barrier separates populations within a species. What are the different methods
described in the book? In addition to the examples in the book, try to think of other possible examples.
When would adaptive radiation occur? How does is this process related to the founder effect and
bottlenecks?