Bio101
Midterm II Study Guide
03/30/12
A note about the course and how to study.
For the tests in my courses focus on being able to complete tasks/activities and solve problems.
You will need to do some memorization, however, more important is being able to apply that
knowledge. You should therefore practice any activities you have done as homework or in class.
You are very likely to be asked to do these tasks again. Strict memorization of vocabulary will
not allow you to succeed in this course.
This study guide is composed of two parts. The first part is composed of course objectives.
Course objectives are things that you should be able to do as a consequence of taking this course.
The second part consists of questions related to each of the chapters that you have read.
Part I: Course Objectives (midterm 2)
The course objectives are composed of three parts. 1 (bold) describes the learning objective,
what you should be able to do. The second part provides a sample question illustrating the type
of question/activity which would demonstrate that you have met that objective. The third part
(italics) lists the relevant chapter or chapters in your text. As an additional aid, at the top of
each section of the notes, I have placed the specific objectives addressed by that section of the
notes.
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Identify saturated and unsaturated fatty acids based upon their chemical structure. Given the chemical structure
of a fatty acid identify it as a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid Chapter 3
Predict the properties of saturated and unsaturated fats based upon their structure. Given an triglyceride
determine whether it is likely a solid or liquid Chapter 3
Distinguish between trans-fats and cis-fats. Draw a 6 carbon cis-fatty acid. Chapter 3
Identify the vital role that ATP plays in the cell and predict consequences from its loss. Given a cell, determine
whether it requires ATP. Chapters 5, 6
Predict when cellular respiration would be reduced and connect to its role in the cell. Which organelle performs
cellular respiration? Determine how the loss of cellular respiration would affect cell function Chapter 6
Predict when photosynthesis would be reduced and connect to its role in the cell. Which organelle performs
photosynthesis? Determine how the loss of photosynthesis would affect cell function. Chapter 7
Use the role and components of cell membranes to determine the effect of a change/loss in a component to a
change/loss of function. What functions would be lost if a cell membrane had no proteins? Chapter 4, 5, 11
Use the connection of genes ⇒ trait to help construct diagrams and predict outcomes of change in a cell/organism.
Given a gene, determine the effect of adding that gene to an existing genome, removing the gene, or altering the
gene. (note: this will link with later objectives) Chapters 10, 11 and throughout
Predict the role of cell organelles/components for a given purpose. what effect would removal of a given cell
component have on a given cellular function? If a process is not working properly, suggest an organelle that may not
be functioning properly. Why? chapter 4, 5, 6, 7
Connect all the functions and organelles of a cell through signal transduction. Chapter 11 as well as others
o Build and test a signal transduction pathway.
o Do the results of an experiment (GFP or knockout) support or not support a model of signal
transduction? How?
o Given a signal transduction model, design an experiment to test the model and provide results if the
model is supported and if it is not supported. How?
Track the process of protein synthesis and identify the steps (transcription and translation) -Draw the process of
protein synthesis as part of signal transduction identifying the components and processes. chapter 10
What are the components of DNA (nucleotides) and RNA (nucleotides) and how do these two molecules differ in
structure and function? chapter 10
Show the products of mitosis and meiosis - draw daughter cells resulting from meiosis and mitosis for cells with
2n=4, 6, or 8. Make sure that you have both the proper number and proper potential chromosomes in each
cell.chapter 8
Bio101
Midterm II Study Guide
03/30/12
35.
Identify the cells that go through meiosis and mitosis - Given a list of cells identify which cells go through
meiosis. chapter 8
36. Differentiate genotype and phenotype. - Given the type of inheritance of a trait, and the genotype, give the
phenotype. Given the phenotype, and the mode of inheritance, give the possible genotypes. Chapter 9
37. Link meiosis and genetics by showing the results of meiosis and mitosis on genotype. - Show the daughter cells
formed through meiosis where a dominant and recessive gene are clearly identified. Show all possible genotypes
using a punnet square. Full credit requires all possible combinations of alleles with the correct probabilities. chapter
8&9
38. Link molecular genetics to Mendalian genetics by predicting the presence and effect of alleles resulting
in dominant, recessive and incomplete dominant traits. - Predict whether a gene is recessive or dominant based
upon how it is expressed. If you have the effect of each allele you should be able to predict whether the genes are
expressed. give an example of a recessive allele, dominant allele, and mixed dominance allele. chapter 9
o What does it mean if I say that parkinsons is a recessive trait? what genotypes would carry the
phenotype? be able to do this with any recessive trait.
o What does it mean if I say that parkinsons is a dominant trait? what genotypes would carry the
phenotype? be able to do this with any dominant trait.
o What does it mean if I say that parkinsons is a incomplete dominance trait? what genotypes would carry
the phenotype? be able to do this with any incomplete dominance trait.
o Given the genotypes TT, Tt, and Tt what would the phenotypes be if the trait was 1) dominant, 2)
recessive, 3) incomplete dominance? You should be able to do this regardless of the name of the trait.
o Given the genotype of the parents, predict the probability of occurrence for their progeny
39. Differentiate between heterozygous and homozygous - given the genotypes, determine if the individual is
heterozygous or homozygous. Then use that information combined with the type of trait (dominant, recessive,
incomplete dominant) to determine the phenotype. chapter 9
40. Determine whether a human karyotype indicates a genetic disorder by looking at the number of
chromosomes chapter 8
Part II: Chapter questions ( 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)
Chapter 4. Parts of the cell (also includes information from chapter 3)
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What role do each of the cell components play in the cell? Be ready to predict the consequences if a cell
component is missing or not working properly.
What role do the macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates) play in each of the cell
components.
Chapter 5. Enzymes and membranes
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What role does ATP play in the cell?
What actions require ATP?
What are enzymes made out of?
What do enzymes do in the cell? What affects enzyme function (think back to the last midterm)?
What are membranes made out of?
What role do membranes play for the cell (see the chapter summary as well as thinking about
signal transduction)
Chapter 6&7. Respiration and photosynthesis
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What are the organelles involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
What are the reactants and end products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
What cells do cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Bio101
Midterm II Study Guide
03/30/12
Chapter 8. Mitosis and Meiosis
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What are the results of meiosis and mitosis (ie possible chromosomes, number of daughter cells)?
Which cells undergo cellular fission, mitosis and meiosis?
What is a karyotype and how would you use a karyotype to detect a chromosomal disorder?
I will not focus on the steps of mitosis and meiosis, but instead on the end results.
We will discuss this chapter more when we discuss sources of variation. (crossing over, jumping
genes)
Chapter 9. Mendelian genetics
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How are traits inherited from ones parents (connect meiosis with fertilization)?
What are dominant, recessive, and incomplete dominant traits?
Know and be able to apply some basic terminology (homologous chromosomes, homozygous,
heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, etc)
Determine the probability of all phenotypes given the genotypes of parents.
Chapter 10. Molecular genetics: making proteins
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What are the components of DNA and RNA?
What are the different types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)?
How does DNA code for proteins? (process of transcription and translation)
o How does the code for a protein move from DNA to the final protein?
o What is the role of ribosomes?
What are the different types of proteins? (note: part of variation section. May not be included in
this midterm)
Chapter 11. Molecular genetics: genetic control
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What is the role of an promotor in transcription?
How does a cell respond to an environmental stimulus (signal transduction)?
What is the consequence of a malfunctioning signal transduction pathway?
We will discuss clones and molecular engineering later, so keep this in mind as you study this
chapter.