translated by James S. Churchill foreword by Thomas Langan
In the passage wherein he first describes the essential unity of knowledge (the second stage of the laying of the foundation), Kant remarks that "space and time . . . must also always affect the concept" 84 of our representations of objects. What is the meaning of this seemingly obscure thesis, i.e., that time affects a concept, in particular, the concept of the representations of objects?
We will begin the interpretation with a clarification of the expression "concept of our representations of objects." This expression refers, first of all, to the
"universality" which characterizes all representation of objects as such, i.e., the ob- jectification of. . . .This act, the thesis asserts, is necessarily affected by time. But hitherto, observations concerning time were limited to the assertion that time and also space form the horizon within which the affections of sense are able to get through to and solicit us [uns treffen und angehen]. Now, it is time itself which affects us. But all affection is a manifestation by which an essent already on hand gives notice of itself. Time, however, is neither on hand nor is it "outside" us. Where does it come from if it is to affect us?
Time is pure intuition only in that it spontaneously preforms the aspect of succession and, as an act both receptive and formative, pro-poses this aspect as such to itself. This pure intuition solicits itself [geht sich an] by that which it intuits
(forms) and without the aid of experience. Time is, by nature, pure affection of itself.
But more than this, it is that in general which forms something on the order of a line of orientation which going from the self is directed toward . . . in such a way that the objective thus constituted springs forth and surges back along this line.
85
84 A77, B 102, NKS, p. 111.
85 Ja, noch mehr, sie ist gerade das, was Uherhaupt so etwas wie das "V on-sich-aus-zu- auf . . ." bildet, dergestalt, dass das so sich bildende Worauf-zu zurilckblickt und herein
in das Vorgenannte Hin-zu . . . For an understanding of this passage, familiarity with
Heidegger's analysis of "decisiveness running ahead of itself vorlaufende
Entschlossenheit, i.e., to death as a possibility, is helpful. See Sein und Zeit, p. 298ff., p.
324ff. (J. S. C).
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As pure self-affection, time is not an active affection concerned with the concrete self; as pure, it forms the essence of all auto-solicitation. Therefore, if the power of being solicited as a self belongs to the essence of the finite subject, time as pure selfaffection forms the essential structure of subjectivity.
Only on the basis of this selfhood can a finite being be what it must be: a being dependent on receptivity.
Now we are in a position to clarify the meaning of the statement: Time necessarily affects the concept of the representations of objects. To affect a priori the act of objectification as such, i.e., the pure act of orientation toward . . . means: to bring up against it something on the order of an opposition, "It" — the pure act of objectification — being pure apperception, the ego itself. Time is implicated in the internal possibility of this act of ob-jectification. As pure self -affection, it originally forms finite selfhood in such a way that the self can become self-consciousness.
In working out the presuppositions which are decisive insofar as the intrinsic problematic of the Critique of Pure Reason is concerned, 86 we accorded a central importance to the finitude of knowledge. This finitude of knowledge depends upon the finitude of intuition, on receptivity. Consequently, pure knowledge, in other words, knowledge of the ob-jective as such, the pure concept, is based on a receptive intuition. Pure receptivity is [found in a subject] affected in the absence of experience, i.e., [in a subject which] affects itself.
Time as pure self-affection is that finite, pure intuition which sustains and makes possible the pure concept (the understanding) as that which is essentially at the service of intuition.
Hence, it is not in the second edition that Kant first introduces the idea of pure selfaffection, which last, as has now become clear, determines the innermost essence of transcendence. It is simply that the idea is formulated more explicitly in this edition and, characteristically enough, appears [at the beginning of the work] in the transcendental aesthetic. 87 To be sure, this passage must remain obscure as long as the interpretation lacks that perspective assured by the more primordial comprehension of the laying of the foundation of metaphysics made possible by the preceding presentation of the stages of this foundation. But given this perspective, the passage is almost "self-evident."
"Now that which, as representation, can be antecedent to any and every act of thinking anything, is intuition; and if it contains nothing but relations, it is the form of intuition. Since this form does not represent anything save insofar as something is posited in the mind, it can be nothing but the mode in which the mind is affected through its own activity (namely, through this positing of [their] representation), and so is affected by itself; in other words, it is nothing but an inner
86 Cf. above, § 4, p. 27
87 B 67f., NKS, p. 87f.
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sense in respect of the form of that sense." 88
"Sense" means "finite intuition." The form of sense, therefore, is pure receptivity.
The internal sense does not receive "from without" but from the self. In pure receptivity, internal affection must arise from the pure self, i.e., be formed in the essence of selfhood as such, and therefore must constitute the latter. Pure selfaffection provides the transcendental ground-structure [Urstruktur] of the finite self as such. Therefore, it is absolutely untrue that the mind exists in such a way that, among other beings, it relates certain things to itself and in so doing posits itself
[Selbstsetzungen ausübt]. Rather, this line of orientation from the self toward . . . and back to [the self] first constitutes the mental character of the mind as a finite self.
It is at once obvious, therefore, that time as pure self-affection is not found "in the mind" "beside" pure apperception. On the contrary, as the basis of the possibility of selfhood, time is already included in pure apperception and first enables the mind to be what it is.
The pure finite self has in itself a temporal character. Therefore, if the ego, i.e., pure reason, is essentially temporal, the fundamental determination which Kant provides for transcendental apperception must first become intelligible through this temporal character.
Time and the "I think" are no longer opposed to one another as unlike and incompatible; they are the same. Thanks to the radicalism with which, in the laying of the foundation of metaphysics, Kant for the first time subjected time and the "I think," each taken separately, to a transcendental interpretation, he succeeded in bringing them together in their primordial identity — without, to be sure, having seen this identity expressly as such.
Can one still consider it to be of no importance that in speaking of time and the "I think," Kant used the same essential predicates?
In the transcendental deduction, the transcendental nature (i.e., that which makes transcendence possible) of the ego is thus described: "The abiding and unchanging
'I' (pure apperception) forms the correlate of all our representations." 89 And in the chapter on schematism wherein the transcendental essence of time is brought to
88 Ibid. The proposed change of "their representation" [Ihrer Vorstellung] to "its representation" [seiner Vorstellung] is the result of a misunderstanding of the essential sense of the text. The "their" is not meant to express that the representation is a representation of the mind, but, posited by the mind, re-presents the "pure relations" of the succession of the now-sequence as such and pro-poses them to receptivity.
89 A 123, NKS, p. 146.
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light, Kant says: "The existence of what is transitory passes away in time but not time itself." 90 And further on: "Time . . . does not change." 91
Naturally, it could be objected that this coincidence of essential predicates is not surprising, for Kant in making use of this terminology intends only to assert that neither the ego nor time is "in time." Certainly, but does it follow from this that the ego is not temporal? Rather, is it not necessary to conclude that the ego is so temporal that it is time itself and that only as such in its very essence is it possible at all?
What does it mean to say that the "abiding and unchanging 'I' forms the correlate of all our representations"? First of all, that the "abiding and unchanging" ego carries out the act of ob-jectification, which act forms not only the relation of from-the-selftoward . . . [Hin-zu-auf . . . ], but also the correlation of back-to [the self], and as such constitutes the possibility of opposition. But why does Kant assert that the
"abiding and unchanging" ego accomplishes [bilde] this act of ob-jectification?
Does he mean to emphasize that the ego is always found at the basis of all mental events and "persists" as something unaffected by the vicissitudes which characterize such events? Could Kant have meant by the "abiding and unchanging" ego something on the order of mental substance — Kant who, relying on his own laying of the foundation of ontology, worked out the paralogism of substantiality?
92 Or did he merely wish to affirm that this ego is not temporal but, in a certain sense, infinite and eternal although not qua substance? But why does this supposed affirmation appear precisely where it does — there where Kant delimits the finitude of the ego, i.e., its act of ob-jectification? For the simple reason that the permanence and immutability of the ego belong essentially to this act.
The predicates "abiding" and "unchanging" are not ontic assertions concerning the immutability of the ego but are transcendental determinations. They signify that the ego is able to form an horizon of identity only insofar as qua ego it pro-poses to itself in advance something on the order of permanence and immutability. It is only within this horizon that an object is capable of being experienced as remaining the same through change. The "abiding" ego is so called because as the "I think," i.e., the "I represent," it pro-poses to itself the like of subsistence and persistence. Qua ego, it forms the correlative of subsistence in general.
The provision of a pure aspect of the present in general is the very essence of time as pure intuition. The description of the ego as "abiding and unchanging" means that the ego in forming time originally, i.e., as primordial time, constitutes the essence of the act of ob-jectification and the horizon thereof.
90 A 143, B 183, NKS, p. 184.
91
92
A 182, B 225, NKS, p. 213.
A 348ff., B 406ff., NKS, p. 333ff.
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Nothing has been decided, therefore, concerning the atemporality and eternity of the ego. Indeed, the transcendental problematic in general does not even raise this question. It is only as a finite self, i.e., as long as it is temporal, that the ego is "abiding and unchanging" in the transcendental sense.
If the same predicates are attributed to time, they do not signify only that time is not
"in time." Rather, they also signify that if time as pure self-affection lets the pure succession of the now-sequence arise, that which thus arises, although it is considered in the ordinary experience of time as subsisting in its own right, is by no means sufficient to determine the true essence of time.
Consequently, if we are to come to a decision concerning the "temporality" or
"atemporality" of time, the primordial essence of time as pure self-affection must be taken as our guide. And wherever Kant justly denies a temporal character to pure reason and the ego of pure apperception, he merely states that reason is not subject to "the form of time."
In this sense alone is the deletion of "at the same time" justified.
93 On this subject,
Kant argues as follows: If the "principle of contradiction" required the "at the same time" and hence "time" itself, then the principle would be limited to intra-temporal reality, i.e., to the essent accessible to experience. However, this fundamental principle governs all thought no matter what its content. Therefore, there is no place in it for temporal determination.
93 Cf. above, § 33c, p. 181. A passage in the dissertation of 1770 shows that Kant changed his opinion on the subject of this "at the same time": Tantum vero abest, ut quis unquam temporis conceptum adhuc rationis ope aliunde deducat et explicet, ut potius ipsum principium contradictionis eundem praemittat ac sibi conditionis locosubsternat. A enim et non A non repugnant, nisi simul (h.e. tempore eodem) cogitata de eodem . . . De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis." § 14,
5. Works (Cass.) II, p. 417. Kant demonstrates here the impossibility of the "rational" deduction of time, i.e., of its intuitive character, by alluding to the fact that all ratio, including the fundamental principle of thought in general, pre- supposes "time." To be sure, the temporal meaning of tempore iodem intended remains obscure. If it is interpreted as signifying "in the same now," then Moses Mendelsohn was right when, with reference to the subject of this passage, he wrote in a letter to Kant: "I do not believe the condition eodem tempore to be absolutely necessary for the law of contradiction. Insofar as it is a question of the same subject, both A and non-A cannot be predicated of it even at different times, and nothing more is required for the concept of impossibility than that the same subject be provided with two predi- cates, A and non-A. One can also say: impossibile est, non A praedicatum de subjecto
A." Kant, Works (Cass.), IX, p. 93.
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But, although the "at the same time" is undoubtedly a determination of time, it is not necessarily relative to the intra-temporality of the essent. Rather, the "at the same time" designates that temporal character which as precursory "recognition" ("preformation") pertains to all identification as such. The latter in turn is essentially at the basis of the possibility, as well as the impossibility, of contradiction.
Because of his orientation on the non-original essence of time, Kant is forced to deny all temporal character to "the principle of contradiction." It would be contrary to sense to try to effect an essential determination of primordial time itself with the aid of what is derived from it. The ego cannot be conceived as temporal, i.e., intratemporal, precisely because the self originally and in its innermost essence is time itself. Pure sensibility (time) and pure reason are not only homogeneous, they belong together in the unity of the same essence which makes possible the finitude of human subjectivity in its totality.
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