Directions: Bailey and Jacob:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Go through the questions and HIGHLIGHT in YELLOW your answers.
Type any answers as needed.
SAVE to your name/file. Then, EMAIL it to me as an attachment. ksmith@osd.wednet.edu I’ll grade it tonight. If
you don’t finish, still send it to me as much as you have completed.
I’ll be back tomorrow. Good luck!
Medical knowledge in ancient Egypt had an excellent reputation, and rulers of other empires would ask the Egyptian pharaoh to
send them their best physician to treat their loved ones. Egyptians had some knowledge of human anatomy, even though they
never dissected the body. For example, in the classic mummification process, they knew how to insert a long hooked implement
through a nostril, breaking the thin bone of the brain case and remove the brain. Egyptian physicians also were aware of the
importance of the pulse and of a connection between pulse and heart. They developed their theory of "channels" that carried air,
water and blood to the body by observing the River Nile. If the Nile became blocked, crops became unhealthy. They applied this
theory to the body - if a person was unwell, they would use laxatives to unblock the "channels."
Mostly, the physicians' advice for staying healthy was to wash and shave the body, including under the arms. This may have
prevented infections. They also advised patients to look after their diet and avoid foods such as raw fish or other animals
considered to be unclean.
Some practices were harmful. Many medical prescriptions contained animal dung, which contains products of fermentation and
molds. Some of them have curative properties, but they also contain bacteria, posing a threat of infection. Being unable to
distinguish between the original infection and the unwholesome effects of the feces treatment, they may have been impressed
by the few cases when it did improve the patient's condition.
1. This selection is mostly about
A. ancient Egyptian physicians.
B. medical knowledge in ancient Egypt.
C. the role of the Nile in medical knowledge.
D. infection in ancient Egypt.
2. Physicians saw that, if the Nile became blocked,
A. washing became a problem.
B. fermentation and molds occurred.
C. diet was affected.
D. crops became unhealthy.
3. The brain was removed
A. during mummification.
B. to unblock channels.
C. to prevent infections.
D. to keep the body clean.
4. "Unclean" in this context means
A. soiled.
B. religiously impure.
C. causing infection.
D. containing animal dung.
Enrico Fermi's theory of the "weak force" introduced the last of the four basic forces known in nature gravity, electromagnetism, and (operating within the nucleus of the atom) the strong force and the "weak
force."
In the mid-1930's Fermi made the most important discovery of his life: passing neutrons through a "moderator"
such as paraffin increased their effectiveness. This finding would allow releasing nuclear energy in a reactor.
In 1939, Fermi and collaborator Leo Szilard co-invented the nuclear reactor at Columbia University. The work
moved to the University of Chicago, culminating in the assembly of the first full-scale nuclear reactor in a
squash court in late 1942. He had proved the science of a chain reaction. From then on, building a bomb was
mere engineering.
The discovery of how to release nuclear energy had long-term beneficial results: the development of an
essentially unlimited new source of energy.
1. Leo Szilard co-invented
A. passing neutrons through paraffin.
B. the nuclear bomb.
C. the nuclear reactor.
D. the weak force.
2. The "weak force" is
A. part of a nuclear reactor.
B. a force of gravity.
C. one of the four basic forces in nature.
D. a chain reaction.
3. Electromagnetism is
A. magnetism produced by an electric current.
B. a property of atoms.
C. a magnetic field.
D. an aspect of gravity.
4. Fermi's contributions to physics led to
A. an understanding of gravity.
B. the building of the atom bomb.
C. an understanding of electromagnetism.
D. the "weak force."
By the age of 21, Philo Farnsworth had found investors, a few assistants, and a loving wife, Pem, who assisted him in his research.
He set up a laboratory in an empty loft. On Sept. 7, 1927, Farnsworth painted a square of glass black and scratched a straight line
on the center. He gave the square of glass to Pem's brother, who took it to another room and dropped it between a camera tube
and a carbon-arc lamp. Farnsworth watched the receiver. He saw the straight-line image and then, as Pem's brother turned the
slide 90 degrees, he saw it move. He had seen the first all-electronic television picture ever transmitted.
1. This article is mostly about
A. Philo Farnsworth.
B. laboratory work.
C. the first TV picture ever transmitted.
D. Philo, Pem, and Pem's brother.
2. Farnsworth was in a room where
A. the image was transmitted.
B. the image was received.
C. there was a carbon arc lamp.
D. there was a slide.
3. The word origin of "transmit" is
A. to send.
B. to send across.
C. to broadcast.
D. to move from place to place.
4. Pem's brother
A. painted a square of glass.
B. watched the receiver.
C. watched in the room with Farnsworth.
D. dropped a slide between a camera and a lamp.
Light has weight. Space has curves. And coiled within a pound of matter, any matter, is the explosive power of 14 million tons of
TNT. We know all this because of Albert Einstein.
In 1905 the 26-year-old Einstein sent three papers to a physics journal to be published "if there is room." All three were published
in the same issue, and they changed the world. One was an update of Max Planck's quantum theory of radiation. Light, declared
Einstein, travels as both a wave and as particles called quanta. Another paper concerned Brownian motion, an until-then
unexplained phenomenon involving bouncing molecules. The third, wrote Einstein in a letter to a friend, "modifies the theory of
space and time."
In 1916, he reasoned that light had mass and that space and time were actually space-time.
1. This article is mostly about
A. Einstein's contributions to knowledge.
B. the early life of Einstein.
C. the beginnings of the atom bomb.
D. physics.
2. 14 million tons of TNT are the explosive power of
A. a single atom.
B. a pound of any matter.
C. a pound of uranium.
D. a pound of TNT.
3. 1905 was the year that
A. Einstein began to study quanta.
B. Einstein learned of the space-time continuum.
C. Einstein sent three papers to be published.
D. Einstein changed the world.
4. Brownian motion is a kind of motion of
A. atoms.
B. TNT.
C. quanta.
D. molecules.
The uses of magic and religion to cure illnesses were widespread in ancient Egypt. Their effectiveness was most likely due to the
placebo effect - that is, people felt better just because they believed that incantations and magical ingredients were effective.
Ingredients were sometimes selected because the ingredient had a characteristic that in some way corresponded to a symptom of
the patient. An ostrich egg, for example, was included in the treatment of a broken skull.
Amulets were often worn for magical purposes. One amulet, representing the girdle of Isis, was intended to stem the flow of
blood at miscarriage.
1. The "placebo effect"
A. is a pill that makes a person feel better.
B. treats the symptoms of the patient.
C. treats a broken skull.
D. helps a patient feel better because of the patient's belief.
Do you believe in the “placebo effect” – that it works? Why or why not?
(answer/type below):
2. An incantation is
A. a ritual recitation of words or sounds believed to have a magical effect.
B. a religious song.
C. words of a priest.
D. magic.
3. Amulets are
A. stones to cure illnesses.
B. jewelry depicting animals.
C. a depiction of an ostrich egg.
D. a trinket thought to protect against evil.
4. Isis was
A. an Egyptian god/goddess.
B. a flower.
C. a girdle.
D. an Egyptian woman.
English is derived from the Anglo-Saxon, a West Germanic language, although its current vocabulary includes words from many
languages. The Anglo-Saxon roots can be seen, for example, in the similarity of numbers in English and German - seven/sieben,
eight/acht, nine/neun and ten/zehn - and in pronouns - I/ich; thou/Du; we/wir; she/sie. Though more than half of the words in
English either come from the French language or have a French cognate, most of the common words used are still of Germanic
origin.
When the Normans came from France and conquered England in 1066, they brought their Norman language with them.
Thereafter, the ruling class spoke Anglo-Norman, while the peasants spoke the English of the time. Anglo-Norman was the
conduit for the introduction of French into England.
1. What is a cognate?
A. similarity of numbers.
B. French words introduced into England.
C. similarity of Anglo-Saxon and French words.
D. a word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language.
2. The German word for ten is
A. sieben.
B. du.
C. zehn.
D. neun.
3. The fraction of French-derived words in the English language is
A. three-quarters.
B. less than half.
C. half.
D. more than half.
4. Anglo-Saxon words came from
A. France.
B. Germany.
C. England.
D. ruling classes.
Feathers have many uses. They insulate birds from water and cold temperatures. Individual feathers in wings and tail control
flight. Color patterns serve as camouflage against predators. As with fish, the top and bottom colors are sometimes different to
provide camouflage during flight. The colors of feathers are important in selection of mating pairs. Down feathers lack the tiny
hooks that attach feathers one to another and thus are fluffy, allowing the down to trap much air and provide excellent
insulation. In some birds, small particles break off continuously from the feathers, producing a powder that sifts through the
feathers and acts as a waterproofing agent and feather conditioner.
1. Feathers are mostly for
A. keeping the bird warm.
B. steering flight.
C. attracting mates.
D. no one of the above.
2. Down feathers
A. attract mates.
B. attach to other feathers with tiny hooks.
C. trap air.
D. protect against predators.
3. The word camouflage means
A. multi-colored.
B. a stratagem for concealing or deceiving.
C. varied colors on military gear.
D. keeping out of sight.
4. In some birds, waterproofing is provided by
A. camouflage.
B. small particles that produce a powder.
C. air trapped in the feathers.
D. tiny hooks.
As early as 1945, Rachel Carson had become alarmed by government abuse of such new chemical pesticides as DDT, which were
being broadcast with little regard for the welfare of other creatures.
Meanwhile, the insecticide barrage had been augmented by dieldrin, parathion, heptachlor, malathion and other fearful
compounds, all of which the government planned to distribute.
In 1957, there was a startling wildlife mortality in the wake of a mosquito-control campaign near Duxbury, Mass. Next, a war
against the fire ant did such widespread harm to other creatures that its beneficiaries cried for mercy, and after that a great furor
arose across the country over the spraying of cranberry plants with aminotriazole.
A strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. There was a strange stillness. The few birds seen anywhere
trembled violently and could not fly. It was a spring without voices.
In 1962, Silent Spring by Rachel Carson gored corporate oxen all over the country. Even before its publication, Carson was
violently assailed by threats of lawsuits and derision. A huge counterattack was organized and led by Monsanto, Velsicol,
American Cyanamid — indeed, the whole chemical industry. TIME's reviewer deplored Carson's "oversimplifications and
downright errors."
By year's end, Silent Spring became a runaway best seller. It alerted the entire world to the dangers of pesticides.
1. The first alarming pesticide was
A. malathion.
B. DDT.
C. heptachlor.
D. dieldrin
2. Cranberry plants were sprayed with
A. DDT.
B. heptachlor.
C. aminotriazole.
D. malathion.
3. The word silent in Silent Spring refers to
A. the silence of the government.
B. the silence of the media.
C. the silence of Nature.
D. the silence of the author.
4. At fault were
A. the government.
B. the media.
C. the chemical industry.
D. all three.
5. "Gored corporate oxen" means
A. wounded boards of directors.
B. wounded misbehaving bigshots.
C. wounded companies.
D. caused oxen to bleed.
Francis Crick and James Watson are given credit for discovering the structure of DNA, but it was Rosalind
Franklin who had narrowed the structure down to some sort of double helix. Watson fitted the pieces of
information into place by creating cardboard replicas of the four bases that, we now know, constitute DNA's
alphabet: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine, or A, T, G and C. The pairs of A-T and G-C, he realized,
could serve as the rungs on the twisting ladder of DNA.
In the double helix, a single strand is paired, rung by rung, with its complementary strand. When the double
helix unzips, each of the resulting two helixes attacts its opposites - A attracts T, etc. Two new double helixes
are built.
Watson's famous "Aha!" was but the last in a long chain of "ahas." It was Crick whose friend had a hunch of a
natural attraction between A and T, on the one hand, and C and G, on the other hand, but it was Watson who
first learned of the rules governing the amounts of A, T, G, and C in DNA. It was thanks to synergy that the
final discovery was made.
1. A helix is most like
A. a circle.
B. a series of circles.
C. a coiled spring.
D. a scissors.
2. Synergy means
A. the working together of two things.
B. energy.
C. sympathy.
D. united.
3. Adenine attracts
A. guanine.
B. thymine.
C. cytosine.
D. none of the above.
4. DNA is
A. an equation in mathematics.
B. a cell.
C. an attraction of one chemical for another.
D. the means by which the characteristics of life are passed on.
While he supported the idea of a strong emperor (probably because of the chaotic state of China at his time), Confucius at the
same time argued for limits on the power of rulers. He thought that honesty was of paramount importance. Even in facial
expression, truth must always be represented. He emphasized the need to give due respect to superiors. However, the inferior
must give advice to his superior if the superior was in the wrong. This idea was followed a century after Confucius's death by his
disciple Mencius, who argued that, if the king was not acting like a king, he would lose the Mandate of Heaven and be
overthrown. Therefore, tyrannicide is justified, because a tyrant is more a thief than a king. Other Confucian texts recognize the
failings of real rulers in maxims such as, "An oppressive government is more feared than a tiger."
1. Confucius liked the idea of a strong emperor because
A. he believed in honesty in governors.
B. he was against limits in government.
C. China at that time was chaotic.
D. kings should act like kings.
2. Facial expressions should express
A. truth.
B. inferiority.
C. kings acting like kings.
D. what is to be more feared than a tiger.
3. Tyrannicide means
A. a type of suicide.
B. thievery.
C. a thieving king.
D. murder of a tyrant.
4. "Oppressive government" is a government that
A. is worse than a tiger.
B. pressures people.
C. presses down on the land.
D. presses people into service.
Beginning in 1980, Tim Berners-Lee fashioned a kind of notebook in which words in a document could be linked to other
documents in a computer. This was the beginning of the World Wide Web.
This work was truly the work of one man. Thomas Edison had dozens of people working on the light bulb. The Internet had many
contributors. However, only Berners-Lee can be given credit for the World Wide Web. Furthermore, he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary, and free.
It was he who thought up the idea of linking computers together so that everyone could have access to information in a multitude
of computers. In Berners-Lee's scheme there was no central manager and no central database.
Berners-Lee cobbled together the World Wide Web's first browser, which allowed users anywhere to view his creation on their
computer screen.
1. Berners-Lee created
A. the World Wide Web.
B. the Internet.
C. a multitude of computers.
D. free information.
2. Berners-Lee was
A. part of a lab team.
B. a central manager.
C. a one-man creator.
D. one of several contributors.
3. Which of these did Berners-Lee not create?
A. the World Wide Web.
B. the first browser.
C. the idea of linking documents and also computers.
D. the Internet.
4. Cobbled in this context means
A. put together in an improvised way.
B. handicapped.
C. paved.
D. browsed.
Nelson Mandela was at one time the most famous prisoner in the world.
Early in life, he joined a law firm in Johannesburg as an apprentice, where he was exposed daily to the inhumanities of apartheid,
a system where blacks and whites were treated very unequally.
Instead of choosing an easy life as a lawyer, he joined the Youth League of the African National Congress and became involved in
programs of passive resistance.
His activities landed him in prison. Instead of being crushed, he embarked on a system of self-education. The prison came to be
known as "Island University." Previously barren recreation hours were filled with cultural activities.
After more than two decades in prison, he was escorted to the State President's office, where he negotiated not only his own
release but also the nation's transition from apartheid to democracy.
1. Apartheid means
A. a social policy of racial segregation.
B. passive resistance.
C. an apprenticeship.
D. negotiation.
2. The Youth League was involved in
A. the transition to democracy.
B. self-education.
C. cultural activities.
D. passive resistance.
3. The "Island University" was
A. part of the National Congress.
B. a prison.
C. part of the Youth League.
D. a victim of apartheid.
4. Nelson Mandela was largely responsible for
A. a transition.
B. the National Congress.
C. the Youth League.
D. apartheid.
Lech Walesa shaped the 20th century as the leader of the Solidarity movement that led the Poles out of communism. Walesa's
contribution to the end of communism in Europe stands beside those of his fellow Pole, Pope John Paul II, and the Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev.
He was shocked by the repression of workers' protests in the 1970s and made contact with small opposition groups. At age 37, he
joined the strike at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk. With his electrifying personality, he was soon leading it. He moved his fellow
workers away from mere wage claims and toward a central, daringly political demand: free trade unions.
When the Polish communists made this concession, the new union was christened Solidarnosc (Solidarity). Soon it had 10 million
members, and Walesa was its undisputed leader. For 16 months they struggled to find a way to coexist with the communist state.
In the end, martial law was declared. Walesa was interned for 11 months and then released.
Fighting a populist campaign against his own former adviser, he was elected Poland's first noncommunist President, a post he
held until 1995.
1. Lech Walesa
A. stood beside Pope John Paul II.
B. ended communism in Europe.
C. led the Poles out of communism.
D. stood beside Pope John Paul II and Gorbachev.
2. Walesa was shocked by
A. opposition groups.
B. wage claims.
C. repression of workers' protests.
D. the strike at the Lenin Shipyard.
3. Solidarnosc means
A. solidarity.
B. a union.
C. a political demand.
D. opposition to communism.
4. "Interned" means
A. imprisoned.
B. deprived of freedom.
C. made to work in a hospital.
D. apprenticed.
5. Populist means
A. promoting the interests of ordinary people in contrast with the interests of the elite.
B. democracy.
C. popular.
D. everyday.
The ancient Egyptian word for doctor is swnw. There is a long history of swnw in ancient Egypt. The earliest recorded physician in
the world was Hesyre, and the first recorded female physician was the lady Peseshet. Both of them were ancient Egyptians. (The
feminine form of swnw is swnwt.) Royalty had their own swnw. Known ancient Egyptian specialists are ophthalmologist,
gastroenterologist, proctologist, and dentist. By the time of the 19th Dynasty three thousand years ago, employees of medical
institutions enjoyed such benefits as medical insurance, pensions, and sick leave.
1. This article is mainly about
A. ancient Egypt.
B. doctors in ancient Egypt.
C. ancient Egyptian medicine.
D. ancient Egyptian specialists.
2. Peseshet is known to have been
A. from the 19th Dynasty.
B. an employee of a medical institution.
C. a female.
D. royalty.
3. Swnwt refers to
A. all ancient Egyptian doctors.
B. ancient Egyptian male doctors.
C. ancient Egyptian female doctors.
D. ancient Egyptian specialists.
4. Sick leave for medical workers
A. is a modern invention.
B. was known before the time of the ancient Egyptians.
C. was known in ancient Egypt.
D. was combined with pensions.
Until the 19th century, the main sources of information about ancient Egyptian medicine were writings from ancient Greeks and
Romans. Homer c. 800 BC remarked in the Odyssey, "Egyptians were skilled in medicine more than any other art". The Greek
historian Herodotus visited Egypt around 440 BC and wrote of his observations. Pliny the Elder also wrote favorably of them.
Hippocrates, the "father of medicine," acknowledged the contribution of ancient Egyptian medicine to Greek medicine.
In 1822, the translation of the Rosetta stone finally allowed the translation of ancient Egyptian writings, including many related to
medical matters. The resultant interest in Egyptology in the 19th century led to the discovery of several sets of ancient medical
documents, including papyruses dating back as far as 3000 BC.
1. This selection is mainly about
A. ancient Egyptian medicine.
B. how we learned about ancient Egyptian medicine.
C. ancient Egyptian medicine and Greek medicine.
D. ancient Egyptian papyruses.
2. Homer and Herodotus were
A. ancient Egyptian doctors.
B. authors.
C. authors of papyruses.
D. visitors to Egypt.
3. From papyruses we have learned
A. about the Rosetta stone.
B. about the "father of medicine."
C. about Greek medicine.
D. about ancient Egyptian medicine.
4. Which of the following was a historian?
A. Herodotus.
B. Pliny the Elder.
C. Hippocrates.
D. Homer.
5. "Resultant" means
A. following as a result.
B. excited.
C. notable.
D. specific.
In 1947 life in America was segregation. It was two worlds that were afraid of each other. There were separate schools for blacks
and whites, separate restaurants, separate hotels, separate drinking fountains, and separate baseball leagues. Life was unkind to
black people who tried to bring those worlds together. It could be hateful. But Jackie Robinson was bigger than all of that.
He had to be. He had to be bigger than the Brooklyn teammates who got up a petition to keep him off the ball club, bigger than
the pitchers who threw at him or the base runners who dug their spikes into his shin, bigger than the bench jockeys who hollered
for him to carry their bags and shine their shoes, bigger than the so-called fans who mocked him with mops on their heads and
wrote him death threats.
1. The Latin word origin of segregate means
A. unmixed.
B. grieving.
C. harming.
D. apart from the flock.
2. A bench jockey is
A. someone always on the bench.
B. someone from another baseball team.
C. someone with a big mouth.
D. someone on the team who verbally annoys the other team.
Name at least two hardships Jackie
Robinson faced: (no sentence necessary)
1.
2.
3. Jackie Robinson had to have great
A. courage.
B. rudeness.
C. sarcasm.
D. anger.
4. The small people in this story succeeded in
A. making themselves look good.
B. defeating Jackie Robinson.
C. making themselves look bad.
D. reducing prejudice.
There was a time when it was impossible for people even to imagine a Harvey Milk. After he defied the governing class of San
Francisco in 1977 to become a member of its board of supervisors, many people had to adjust to a new reality, that a gay person
could live an honest life and yet succeed in politics. That adjustment plods on, but, with every gay character to emerge on TV and
with every presidential speech to a gay group, its eventual outcome of equality seems clear.
1. The new reality was that
A. the governing class could be defied.
B. a place could be won on the board of supervisors.
C. an openly gay person could succeed in politics.
D. a gay person could live an honest life.
2. The meaning of the Latin origin of supervisor is
A. see over.
B. superior vision.
C. haughty.
D. risen above.
3. According to the article, equality for gay people
A. will not be achieved.
B. will be achieved.
C. has been achieved.
D. might not be achieved.
4. The origin of the word politics is from
A. Greek.
B. Latin.
C. English.
D. French.
After dominating much of the past two millenniums in science and philosophy, the Chinese instead have spent the past 100 years
being invaded, split apart, and patronizingly lectured by the West.
But in 1959 a short, skinny, bespectacled 18-year-old kid from Hong Kong traveled to America and declared himself to be John
Wayne, James Dean, Charles Atlas, and the guy who kicked your butt in junior high school. In an America where the Chinese were
still stereotyped as meek house servants and railroad workers, Bruce Lee was all steely sinew, threatening stare, and cocky,
pointed finger.
1. The Latin word origin of patron (as in patronizing) means
A. customer.
B. bestower of gifts.
C. father.
D. contributor.
2. The Latin word origin of millennium means
A. milled.
B. turned on a wheel.
C. a rich time.
D. a thousand years.
3. Bruce Lee was unlike the stereotype of the Chinese because he was not
A. cocky.
B. strong.
C. meek.
D. a worker.
4. Bruce Lee was like John Wayne because he was
A. short.
B. cocky.
C. skinny.
D. bespectacled.
Along with everything else she came to represent, Anne Frank symbolized the power of a book. Because of the diary she kept
between 1942 and 1944 in the secret upstairs annex of an Amsterdam warehouse, where she and her family hid until the Nazis
found them, she became the most memorable figure to emerge from World War II, other than Hitler, of course, who also
proclaimed his life and his beliefs in a book. In a way, the Holocaust began with one book and ended with another. Yet it was
Anne's that finally prevailed — a beneficent and complicated work outlasting a simple and evil one.
1. Prevailed in this context means
A. won in a fight.
B. was superior.
C. lasted longer in importance.
D. defeated.
2. Anne Frank's power came from
A. a secluded life.
B. a book.
C. Amsterdam.
D. resistance to the Nazis.
3. The article mentions that Hitler and Frank both
A. were complicated.
B. prevailed.
C. hid.
D. wrote books.
Why is Anne Frank famous?
4. The meaning of the Greek word origin of Holocaust is
A. rampage.
B. burned whole.
C. attack on a minority.
D. sacrifice.
Orville and Wilbur Wright built their own wind tunnel to test airfoils and measure how to lift a flying machine into the sky. They
were the first to discover that a long, narrow wing shape is ideal for flight. They figured out how to move the vehicle freely, not
just across land but up and down on a cushion of air. They built a moveable part of the tail to control the pitch of their craft as it
nosed up and down. They fashioned a pair of twin rudders in back to control its tendency to swerve off course. They devised a
pulley system that warped the shape of the wings in midflight to turn the plane and to stop it from rolling side-to-side.
They used the data from their wind-tunnel experiments to design the first effective airplane propellers.
When they discovered that a lightweight gas-powered engine did not exist, they designed and built their own.
1. The main idea of this article is
A. Wright brothers' firsts.
B. how the Wright brothers worked.
C. Wright brothers' knowledge.
D. the genius of the Wright brothers.
Does the work of the Wright Brothers still have an
effect on the world today? Explain.
2. Pitch in this context means
A. plunge forward.
B. move abruptly.
C. deviation from the horizontal.
D. throw or toss.
3. Airfoils are
A. the surfaces of an airplane.
B. the force of air on an airplane.
C. blades.
D. the parts of an airplane that react against the air, such as a wing or propeller.
4. A major problem that the article mentions is an airplane's tendency to
A. be unsteady.
B. be too heavy.
C. lack power.
D. break apart.
What Alan Turing did was to dream up an imaginary machine capable somehow of reading instructions encoded on a tape. As the
scanner moved from one square of the tape to the next, the output could replicate logical human thought.
The device quickly acquired a name: the Turing machine, and so did another of Turing's insights. Since the instructions on the tape
governed the behavior of the machine, by changing those instructions one could induce the machine to perform various
functions. In other words, depending on the tape it scanned, the same machine could calculate numbers, play chess, or do
anything else of a comparable nature.
1. The imaginary machine eventually became
A. the tape player.
B. the typewriter.
C. the computer.
D. the calculator.
2. The Latin word origin of replicate means
A. to restore.
B. to repeat.
C. to reject.
D. to reduce.
3. An outstanding feature of tape is
A. its ability for information to be changed on it.
B. its ability to be replaced.
C. its ability to be compared.
D. its ability to calculate.
4. The meaning of function in this context is
A. a social event.
B. a mathematical relation.
C. performance of duties.
D. what something is used for.
In a remarkable series of insights made over a few short weeks, William Shockley greatly extended the
understanding of semiconductor materials. He also developed the underlying theory of another device, a kind
of sandwich that came to be known as the transistor.
For the next couple of decades advances in transistor technology drove the industry. New ways to create
Shockley's sandwich were invented, and transistors in a vast variety of sizes and shapes flooded the market.
Shockley's invention had created a new industry, one that underlies all of modern electronics, from
supercomputers to talking greeting cards.
1. A semiconductor is
A. a conductor of electricity whose conductivity can be controlled.
B. half a conductor.
C. an insulator.
D. a metal.
2. The transistor is
A. a transitional device.
B. an insulator.
C. a metal.
D. a device for amplifying or switching electronic signals
3. Electronics is
A. electricity.
B. an atomic energy.
C. a branch of physics dealing with the emission of electrons.
D. the transistor industry.
4. Technology is
A. a type of science.
B. the practical application of scientific knowledge to practical problems.
C. a type of university.
D. transistor applications.
The key piece of research needed to find a polio vaccine was completed by Harvard's John Enders. It was his team that figured out
how to grow polio in test tubes, suddenly giving vaccine hunters everywhere enough virus to work with.
Now the goal was truly in sight, and who got there first was largely a matter of speed and luck. "Jonas Salk was strictly a kitchen
chemist," Albert Sabin used to gripe. "He never had an original idea in his life." However, imaginative people perennially
underrate efficient ones, and, at the time, the kitchen chemist, who prepared his vaccine by marinating the virus in formalin, was
just what the doctor ordered. Salk became the first person to develop a polio vaccine.
1. The "efficient" chemist was
A. Albert Sabin.
B. John Enders.
C. Jonas Salk.
D. None of these.
2. The "imaginative" chemist was
A. Albert Sabin.
B. John Enders.
C. Jonas Salk.
D. None of these.
3. The hero of this article is
A. Albert Sabin.
B. John Enders.
C. Jonas Salk.
D. None of these.
4. Formalin is
A. a formal preparation.
B. a solution of formaldehyde in water.
C. a relative of insulin.
D. a solution of spice.
Jean Piaget spent much of his professional life listening to children. He found that children don't think like grownups. Piaget
began to suspect that behind the seemingly illogical utterances of children are thought processes that have their own kind of
order. Einstein called it a discovery "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it."
Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of his career he had developed several
new fields of science - developmental psychology, cognitive theory, and what came to be called genetic epistemology. He
championed a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today's education-reform movements. One might
say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.
1. Piaget's "simple" discovery was that
A. children's utterances are illogical.
B. children are not like adults.
C. children's thoughts are disorderly.
D. children think differently from adults.
2. The Latin word origin of "cognition" (adjective: cognitive) means
A. to know.
B. recognition.
C. to see.
D. to recognize.
3. "Genetic epistemology" refers to
A. the theory of how knowledge is naturally acquired.
B. the working of genes.
C. how genes work.
D. the acquisition of knowledge.
4. Piaget is credited with the scientific study of
A. epistemology.
B. children's thinking.
C. genetics.
D. illogical thought processes.
The initial military conquest of England in 1066 by the Normans was quick and brutal. The members of the Anglo-Saxon upper
class who were not killed in the battle of Hastings were almost all killed later or deprived of their lands. Thus a Norman
aristocracy was superimposed on the English.
To consolidate his position, William used the existing Anglo-Saxon administrative system. It was this tradition that gave English
feudalism its uniquely cohesive nature. There was little change in the administrative and judicial systems during the Norman
period 1066-1154.
William I's archbishop of Canterbury established a separate system of canon law courts and brought the English church into closer
contact with developments in Europe. The Norman kings, however, successfully resisted papal encroachment on their control
over episcopal appointments.
The period saw many churches and castles built. Norman French became the language of the court and upper classes and had a
great effect on the development of the English language.
1. Feudalism means
A. a system of warring factions.
B. an administrative system.
C. a judicial system.
D. a social system of (1) lords and (2) landholders who were subject to the lord.
2. Cohesive means
A. glued.
B. sticking, holding, or working together as a united whole.
C. heaving.
D. equal.
3. Anglo-Saxons were
A. losers in the war with William.
B. administrators.
C. judiciary.
D. upper classes.
4. Episcopal appointments were
A. church appointments.
B. judical appointments.
C. appointments by a bishop.
D. military appointments.
5. Canon law courts were
A. military law courts.
B. Bible law courts.
C. Christian church courts.
D. Norman courts.
Before John Maynard Keynes, economists were gloomy naysayers. "Nothing can be done," "Don't interfere," "It will never work,"
they intoned. But Keynes was an unswerving optimist. Of course we can lick unemployment! There's no reason to put up with
recessions and depressions!
At the end of World War I Keynes prophesied that the reparations required of Germany would keep Germany impoverished and
would ultimately threaten all Europe.
At the end of World War II, instead of repeating the mistake made almost three decades before, the U.S. and Britain bore in mind
Keynes' earlier admonition. The surest pathway to a lasting peace, they then understood, was to help the vanquished rebuild.
Public investing on a grand scale would create trading partners that could turn around and buy the victors' exports and would
also build solid middle-class democracies in Germany, Italy and Japan.
1. An admonition is
A. a punishment.
B. cautionary advice.
C. a mistake.
D. a willful remark.
2. Impoverished is
A. punished.
B. hurt.
C. defeated.
D. made poor.
3. Keynes was in favor of
A. public investing.
B. punishing a defeated country.
C. holding onto your own money.
D. saving public money.
4. The original Latin word for vanquished means
A. conqueror.
B. master.
C. defeated.
D. hurt.
During the past 100 years, astronomers have discovered quasars, pulsars, black holes and planets orbiting distant suns. But all
these pale next to the discoveries Edwin Hubble made in a few remarkable years in the 1920s. At the time, most of his colleagues
believed the Milky Way galaxy made up the entire cosmos. But, peering deep into space from the chilly summit of Mount Wilson
in Southern California, Hubble realized that the Milky Way is just one of millions of galaxies that dot an incomparably larger
setting.
Hubble went on to show that this galaxy-studded cosmos is expanding. He did nothing less, in short, than invent the idea of the
universe and then provide the first evidence for the Big Bang theory. He discovered the cosmos and in doing so founded the
science of cosmology.
1. Cosmos means
A. the solar system.
B. many galaxies.
C. everything that exists anywhere.
D. the Milky Way.
2. Hubble was the first to realize that
A. the Milky Way is the entire cosmos.
B. the Milky Way is only one of many galaxies.
C. the universe is huge.
D. pulsars are part of our universe.
3. The Big Bang is implied by
A. the expanding universe.
B. pulsars.
C. galaxies beyond the Milky Way.
D. the cosmos.
4. A galaxy is
A. the universe.
B. pulsars and quasars.
C. stars beyond the Milky Way.
D. an independent group of stars.
In 1920, Robert Goddard, a physics professor at Clark University in Worcester, Mass., published an article on an outrageous topic,
rocket travel. Unlike most of his colleagues, Goddard believed rocketry was a viable technology, and his paper, primly titled "A
Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes," was designed to prove it. For the lay reader, there wasn't much in the writing to excite
interest, but at the end, the buttoned-up professor unbuttoned a bit. If you used his technology to build a rocket big enough, he
argued, and if you primed it with fuel that was powerful enough, you just might be able to reach the moon with it.
When the New York Times saw the article, it pounced. As anyone knew, the paper explained with an editorial eye roll, space
travel was impossible, since without atmosphere to push against, a rocket could not move so much as an inch. Professor
Goddard, it was clear, lacked "the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools."
1. Robert Goddard was
A. a government worker.
B. a high school teacher.
C. a physicist.
D. an editorial writer.
2. This article portrays Goddard as
A. a reserved person.
B. a dashing adventurer.
C. a foolish person.
D. an unrealistic thinker.
3. The New York Times was
A. complimentary.
B. scornful.
C. angry.
D. ahead of its time.
4. The word "viable" in this context means
A. living and breathing.
B. can be put on the road.
C. capable of being done.
D. current.
Confucius's works are widely studied by many scholars in many Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, China, and Vietnam. Many
of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year.
The works of Confucius were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China. Matteo
Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and Father Prospero Intorcetta translated the life and works of Confucius
into Latin in 1687. It is thought that such works influenced European thinkers of the period, particularly among philosophical
groups of the Enlightenment, who were interested in combining the morality of Confucius with Christianity.
1. In which of these countries are the works of Confucius not widely studied?
A. Korea.
B. Japan.
C. Iran.
D. Vietnam.
2. The article mentions that Jesuits
A. had an influence on European thinkers.
B. combined the morality of Confucius with Christianity.
C. joined philosophical groups.
D. read the works of Confucius.
3. The article implies that Ricci
A. combined the morality of Confucius with Christianity.
B. was a Jesuit.
C. authored the life of Confucius.
D. was a native of China.
4. The memory of Confucius is alive in
A. Latin countries.
B. Christian countries.
C. Korea.
D. philosophical groups.
In 1928 Alexander Fleming left a culture plate smeared with staphylococcus bacteria on his lab bench while he went on a twoweek holiday. When he returned, he noticed a clear halo surrounding the bacteria. Unknown to him, a spore called penicillium
notatum had drifted in from a mycology lab one floor below. Later, as the temperature in the room rose, the bacteria grew,
covering the entire plate — except for the area surrounding the penicillium. Seeing that halo was Fleming's "Eureka!" moment.
He deduced that the mold must have released a substance that inhibited the growth of the bacteria.
In 1939 a team of scientists at Oxford were able to make penicillin widely available. Pneumonia, syphilis, gonorrhea, diphtheria,
scarlet fever, and many wound and childbirth infections suddenly became treatable.
1. Fleming's discovery became widely known because of
A. the work of a team of scientists at Oxford.
B. the culture plate in his lab.
C. the inhibition of the growth of bacteria.
D. a mold that drifted up from a mycology lab.
2. Mycology is
A. the study of germs.
B. the study of micro-organisms.
C. the study of botany.
D. the study of fungi.
3. Which disease is not mentioned?
A. scarlet fever.
B. cold virus.
C. syphilis.
D. pneumonia.
4. Some staphylococcus bacteria can cause
A. syphilis.
B. food poisoning.
C. pneumonia.
D. diphtheria.