Rocks
 Are made up of ________________ o
Ex: Granite ----- > ____ ________________
 Essential Minerals: ___________ occur in the rock
 ________________ minerals: ________________ occur
Classify Rocks By How They Form
 Igneous- ___________ Rock cools and ____________
 Sedimentary – Made from ______________
 ____________________ – Rocks Changed by _______ and __________________
 _________ Silica content forms light-colored rocks (______________).
 While _________ (but only by about 25%) Silica content forms __________-colored rocks (_____________).
The Rock Cycle
 Rocks are ____________ occurring combinations or coherent ____________ of minerals, fossils or other hard materials. They are classified by the way in which they _________. The three rock types are: ________________, sedimentary and metamorphic.
 All rocks on Earth are locked into a system of ____________ and re-cycling known as the ROCK CYCLE.
IGNEOUS ROCKS vent
 IGNEOUS ROCKS are “born of ________”. In other words, they were once molten and upon cooling, the __________
(molten rock) ________________ into solid rock. Igneous rocks may form deep __________ the Earth or at the
Earth’s surface when a volcano _______________. land surface conduit lava magma
Intrusive (from magma)
 _________ cooling deep _____________ the Earth’s surface allows crystals to grow to _________ o
_________ Crystals o Both large and small crystals = ___________ (some grow before others begin) o Texture ________ or arrangement of crystals o
To get Large: __________ ____________ Earth’s surface
GRANITE is a __________ to medium-grained rock that forms from the cooling of magma _______ within the
Earth, light color - __________
DIORITE is very similar to granite, but is distinguished in the hand specimen by the absence of visible ________.
Generally it has a _______ & ___________ appearance
(about ½ black and ½ white). In between felsic & mafic

Extrusive (from lava)
 ____________ cooling near or at the Earth’s _______________, produces many _________ crystals. This group of igneous rocks is called ____________________.
 at surface
 Numerous at the surface o ___________ mineral crystals ex: ____________ o
______ mineral crystals ex: _______________ o Top Part of Lava- __________ trapped __________ of hardened lava : ______________ o
From lava thrown ________ ex: pumice
Rhyolite is a ________ grained, felsic rock that forms from the cooling of lava above
Earth’s surface
Basalt a ________ fine grained rock formed from thin to massive lava flows (mafic)
Pahoehoe is a type of basalt that forms on the surface of ______ __________ lava flows
Igneous Review o
Lava  _______________ o Through Volcanoes o
Through _________________ vents
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS o
Magma o
 Intrusive/ _________
Cools & Crystalizes in _______ chamber
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS are composed of ____________ derived from _____-existing rocks or by the crystallization of minerals that were held in _______________ (particles dissolved in water)
 Weathering : Rocks are ______________ into pieces by water, wind or ______ o Water – enter ______________, expands and breaks ___________ down o
Rain – ___________ rain ________________ minerals o
Movement in _______________ – Collect on the bottom
Formation: Build very _____________, ____________ will grow until environment changes
 Cementation – ________________ acting as ____________ holding sediments together
 Compaction – pieces ______________ due to ____________ squeezing them together
 _________________ – water evaporates and minerals are left behind
Unusual Formation:
 Chemical Rocks – made up of ___________ sediments or once ____________ things
 Organic Rocks – made up of ______________ of living things

Sedimentary Features
 __________________
 Only type of rock that contains __________________!
 ___________ __________ – Air or water sand, silt, and clay
 Concretion – water comes into contact with _________ & mineral _____________
 Geode – ____________ rocks with mineral _______________ inside
Classifying Sedimentary Rocks
 Clastic Rocks (pieces of other rocks): o
Conglomerate & Breccias: o
Sandstones: o
Siltstone : o
Shale:
 Non-Clastic Rocks (minerals in water or past life):
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________ o
Look at composition: calcite, halite, gypsum or quartz
 Limestone - Calcite & _____________  Rock Gypsum - Gypsum
 Rocks Salt – ____________________  Chert (flint) - ___________
 Coal – Past _____________
MORE CLUES TO
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CHEMICAL: Rocks are crystalline
FRAGMENTAL: Composed of pieces of rocks and minerals
LARGE PIECES
(Boulders,cobbles, pebbles)
SMALL PIECES
(sand)
VERY SMALL PIECES
(clay, silt, mud)
BRECCIA: Composed of large angular pieces and clay
CONGLOMERATE: Composed of large rounded pieces and
clay
SANDSTONE: Looks sandy (may “shed” sand grains), feels
rough (like sandpaper); may be tan, white, red, gray.
SHALE: Has very thin layers; often black. May have fossils —
usually impressions (no shell, but indentation with pattern of
shell) or carbonized film (as for plants). Has a dull luster. Is
soft. When tapped with a rod or on a table, it generally makes
a dull thunk.
LIMESTONES: Composed of calcite and all W ILL FIZZ vigorously in acid
Crystalline
— Looks sugary, usually gray or tan
Fossiliferous — Contains seashells (usually) or other aquatic organisms
Travertine — Looks sugary with bands of various colors
Chalk — White and soft (comes off on hands)
Coquina
— Contains almost nothing but seashells or seashell fragments
CHERT: Cryptocrystalline QUARTZ
Very fine — can NOT see crystals
Waxy luster
Conchoidal fracture (breaks like glass)
Very hard
— will easily scratch glass
May be ANY COLOR (Red = Jasper, Black = Flint, includes
Silicified Wood)
GYPSUM: W hite, gray, clear
Very soft
— you can scratch with fingernail
Clear sheets, fibrous or sugary
ROCK SALT: W hite to clear
— cubic shape
Soft
— you can scratch it with fingernail
Tastes like table salt (IT IS TABLE SALT!)
COAL: Black; Brittle; Lightweight
May contain plant fossils
Varieties: peat, lignite (incl. jet), sub-bituminous, bituminous
DIATOMITE: White
Very soft (comes off on your hands)
Lightweight
Will NOT fizz in HCl acid (unlike chalk)
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS have _____________ (meta) their form (morphic). Under the influence of heat, ______________ and fluids, _______-existing rocks are modified in form
 This is done within the ___________ state, i.e. melting.
 _________________ rock is called the ____________ rock
 3 Types of Changes that occur include:
 Change in ______________ of rock
 Englargement of _______________
 _________________ of minerals grain

Classifying Metamorphic Rocks o
__________ Metamorphism – ________ of overlying rock, causes a _____________ of mineral grains o Regional Metamorphism – As _____________ rise, large amount of __________ is forced toward the
_____________, it hardens into the mountain core o _____________ Metamorphism – small amount of magma ______________ overlying rock
 The nearby Rock is altered by ______ , solutions, and ___________ from the magma
*Metamorphism is the _________ intense near the core where _______ and ____________ cause the formation of ________ minerals of ______________ mineral grains
Features of metamorphic rocks
 Metamorphic rocks that exhibit ___________ alignments of minerals are called .
In these rocks, the minerals all ________ up perpendicular to the exerted pressure.
 Metamorphic rocks composed of minerals that are _______ elongated or flat, do not exhibit parallel alignments and are called _____________________.
THE ROCK CYCLE: thinking about relationships between the 3 major rock groups o Igneous o
Formed from a _________ (molten rock) o
Plutonic (_____________):slow cooling and crystallization o
Volcanic (extrusion): _________ cooling at the surface o Sedimentary o
Formed at the Earth’s ____________ o
Clastic (Mineral ____________ or grains, clays) o
Chemical (________________ chemical/biochemical precipitates) o Metamorphic o Changed by pressure, ________________ and ____________.
Draw the rock cycle as we go through the 3 major groups below, (use entire space):