Label the next clean front in your notebook “BRAINPOP KNOWLEDGE” (like it’s a new notebook)
Each new topic/ movie has its own page (or pages, depending on whether you use the back or not)!!!
Your new “Table of Contents” should look like this:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Climate Types
Weather
Water Cycle
Earth’s Atmosphere
…and so on
pg. 1
pg. 3
pg. 5
pg. 7
Facts for Notebook:
Climate Types:
Climate is an area’s pattern of weather over time.
There are 5 major climate types worldwide.
Tropical climates are hot because they receive more direct sunlight than other areas. (equator)
Temperate climates often have very warm summers and cool winters.
Oceans tend to make temperatures in coastal areas more extreme (makes warmer climate feel warmer;
makes cooler climate feel cooler)
Arid climates are very dry and receive very little rainfall.
All deserts are not hot. For example: The Sahara desert is very hot, but the Gobi desert can sometimes
have a temperature that drops below freezing.
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Weather:
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any particular time. (Ask yourself: What is the atmosphere
like RIGHT NOW? That’s the WEATHER!)
Temperatures are lower at night because temperature depends on energy from the sun. (There is no
sun at night, so there is less energy to heat the air)
A thermometer measures temperature.
“H” on a weather map stands for HIGH PRESSURE
High pressure brings clear skies and sunny weather.
“L” on a weather map stands for LOW PRESSURE
Low pressure brings rain and stormy weather.
A barometer measures air pressure.
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air.
The hotter the air outside, the more moisture the air can hold.
You cannot see the water vapor in the air because it exists as a colorless gas.
The difference between absolute humidity and relative humidity is absolute humidity refers to how
much water the air CAN hold while relative humidity refers to how much water the air ACTUALLY holds.
A hygrometer measures humidity.
The earth’s poles tend to be cold because they do not get direct sunlight. Instead, sunlight strikes these
points at different angles.
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Water Cycle:
The sum total of all the water on earth and its atmosphere is called the hydrosphere.
Oceans, the atmosphere, and groundwater are all reservoirs (or storage places) in the water cycle.
Water constantly cycles from the earth to the atmosphere and back. Draw this cycle in your notbook
below this statement.
Water Cycle Diagram
Draw this cycle in your notebook here.
The sun causes surface water to evaporate.
When rainwater contributes to the flow of rivers and streams it is called runoff.
Precipitation looks like this:
Draw precipitation here.
2 examples of condensation would be
1. water vapor turning back to liquid in the air (clouds)
2. steam from a teapot turning back into liquid water
The amount of water on Earth is constant. The amount we have now is the same amount we had 1000
years ago, and will be the same amount 1000 years from now.
The oceans contain the most water on Earth.
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Earth’s Atmosphere:
Nitrogen is the gas that makes up most of the earth’s atmosphere.
If the earth did not have an atmosphere, we would not be able to breathe.
The atmospheric layers of the Earth:
Draw the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere here.
Use these words to label: stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, thermosphere, exosphere
Planes fly through the troposphere.
The ozone layer is important because it blocks harmful ultraviolet rays.
The mesosphere is extremely cold.
The prefix “thermo-“ in thermosphere means heat; therefore the thermosphere can be extremely hot.
It can be difficult to breathe in high altitudes because atmospheric gases become thinner the higher you
go.
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Moon
The moon appears to shine because it reflects sunlight
It takes the moon 27 days (one month) to make a revolution around the Earth.
If sunlight did not strike the moon at different angles, the moon would not go through phases.
The moon is the closest heavenly body to Earth.
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Moon Phases
Draw the phases of the moon in order beginning with new moon.
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Seasons
Globes lean sideways to demonstrate the tilt of the Earth’s axis.
The Earth’s tilt in relation to the Sun causes the seasons to change.
When it is Spring in the Southern Hemisphere, it is Fall in the Northern Hemisphere.
Northern Hemisphere winters are cold; Southern Hemisphere winters are hot.
The area around the equator stays the same temperature year round because it remains the same
distance from the Sun year round.
The seasons at the north and south poles are extreme. (REALL Y HOT; or REALLY COLD)
The Northern Hemisphere receives the most amount of sunlight in June; the least amount of sunlight in
December.
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Earth
Earth’s nickname is the blue planet because approximately 70% of it is covered in water.
The Earth’s inner core is made of iron.
The metal inner core and magnetic field keep the Earth’s temperature at the proper level for life.
The Earths outer core is made of liquid.
All life on Earth breathes in (ingests) carbon dioxide.
The Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun.
The Earth is the 5th largest planet.
The Earth’s atmosphere blocks harmful radiation but traps warmth.
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Sun
The Sun is a mid- sequence star.
One million earth’s could fit inside the sun.
The Sun’s radiation is responsible for Earth’s temperature.
The Sun’s photosphere can be found on the surface of the sun.
The core of the sun is more than 1000 times hotter than its surface.
Hydrogen and oxygen are the 2 elements that make up the sun.
The sun powers all life on earth.
The sun’s electromagnetic field causes sunspots.
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Solar System
Our Solar System is approximately 4.5 billion years old.
Gravity pulled the Solar System together from a cloud of gas and dust.
The solar system formed gradually (slowly)
Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
The asteroid belt is located between mars and Jupiter.
The Earth is to the Sun as the moon is to Earth.
SPACE EXPLORATION
International Space Station
The building of the International Space Stations has been a collaborative (team) effort by many
countries.
The International Space Station has been assembled (put together) piece by piece.
Aboard the ISS, Astronauts breathe by using a generator that splits water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen.
The first modules (parts) were launched into space to begin assembling the ISS in 1998. It should
conclude with the launching of the last parts in 2016.
Satellites
A satellite is any object that orbits another object.
Most satellites are powered by solar (sun) energy.
Rockets are different from Satellites in that rockets are the cars that satellites travel in to get into space.
The satellites orbiting earth are traveling at the same speed as Earth’s rotation.
Satellites and cell phones both transmit information through radio waves.
Satellites allow people around the world to communicate instantly.
Satellites are used in the news each night during the weather report.
Space Flight
“Thrust” is what launches a rocket into space.
Thrust and gravity are at war when a rocket launches, so the thrust must be greater in order for the
rocket to rise.
The external (outside) fuel tank will release from the rocket after launch and is not reusable.
Telescopes
Telescopes are used to view things that are far away. (for example: stars and things in space)
Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to collect light. (hint: a mirror reflects)
Refracting telescopes use lenses.
There are at least 2 lenses in every telescope.
A large, powerful telescope that can enlarge (make bigger) images from very far away has a high
magnification. (When you make something small much bigger, you are MAGNIFING it.)
Binoculars are considered a simple telescope.
The Hubble telescope is located in space because the earth’s atmosphere could mess up its images.
ASTEROIDS
Most asteroids are rocky.
Scientists study asteroids to better understand the Solar System.
If you want to find an asteroid in the Solar System, look to the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter.
A meteor burns up in the earth’s atmosphere.
Meteorites actually make it through earth’s atmosphere and strike the earth.
COMET
A comet is not a shooting star.
Shooting stars burn up in the earth’s atmosphere. Comets do not.
Comets orbit the sun too (just like Earth!)
Comets are younger than the Sun but almost the same age as most of the planets.
Comets have tails. They can be as long as the distance from Earth to Venus!
You may never see a comet pass Earth (happens very rarely)
Haley’s Comet passed Earth in 1986. We will not see it again until 2061.
The Keiper Belt is located beyond the orbit of Neptune.
POLARIS , THE NORTH STAR
Polaris, the North Star, was used to guide explorers (before the time of maps and GPS).
Polaris is considered the North Star and still can be used as a guide today! \
CYCLES
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen and Oxygen make up 99% of the earth’s atmosphere. 1% is made up by other elements.
Nitrogen is essential to the growth of a living thing. (example: fungi and other decomposers)
Sewage can add nitrogen to the environment because animals get rid of nitrogen compounds in their
waste.
A nitrogen molecule moves through the environment repeatedly, but not necessarily always in the same
order.
Denitrification changes nitrogen into its gas form.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon can be found inside every living thing on Earth.
The Carbon cycle and the water cycle are the same in that they both involve the transfer of materials
animals, plants, and the earth.
Animals add carbon dioxide to the air by breathing. (exhaling)
Algae and marine plants absorb the most carbon dioxide in the ocean.
Carbon sink is something that removes carbon from the atmosphere.
The Industrial Revolution was a historical event that led to a major imbalance in the carbon cycle.
Carbon becomes locked inside the earth by plants and animals that are decaying into the Earth as they
die.
Releasing carbon (carbon emissions) can lead to global warming by trapping the sun’s heat in the
atmosphere.
Carbon is the 4th most abundant (commonly found) element in the universe.
Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is when an animal goes through a complete change. (often becoming another animal
entirely)
Example:
caterpillar to butterfly
Tadpole to frog
Complete metamorphosis stages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
egg
larva
pupa
adult
Life cycles of a butterfly:
1.
2.
3.
4.
egg
larva (caterpillar)
pupa (cocoon)
adult (butterfly)
During the pupa stage, insects are often dormant (inactive)
Life Cycle of a frog:
1. egg
2. larva (tadpole)
3. pupa (metamorph) –
Between a frog and tadpole.
It has legs like a frog, but a tail like a tadpole.
4. Adult (frog)
Many animals (such as the frog) lose the ability to breathe underwater after they have gone through
metamorphosis.
Caterpillars eat a lot because the growth and change inside the cocoon requires a lot of stored
(potential) energy.
Humans do not undergo metamorphosis.
Amphibians
Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts are considered amphibians.
Frogs eggs can be most commonly found in a lake.
Amphibians hibernate like bears and squirrels.
Amphibians are born with gills and tails, and go through metamorphosis to develop lungs and legs.
Amphibians could not live on land if they did not develop lungs.
Ectothermic = cold blooded
Frogs are amphibians, vertebrates (have a backbone), ectothermic (cold-blooded), carnivorous (eat
meat), and must mate to reproduce.