Biology Final Exam Study Guide
Staple the 3 rd 6 weeks Exam Review to This!
Cells and Cell Processes
1. For each organelle/cell part, describe the function and it what type of cell(s) it can be found:
-Cell Wall:
-Plasma Membrane:
-Vacuoles:
-Lysosomes:
-Ribosomes:
-Centrioles:
-Chloroplasts:
-Nucleus:
-Mitochondria:
-Golgi body:
2. Describe three main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles.
4. Describe three ways that a plant and animal cell differ from each other.
Plant cells have a cell wall, larger vacuoles, and chloroplasts
5. For the following, define, describe the movement of water, and what happens to the cell:
Isotonic Solution
Define: Solution that has a concentration that is equal both inside and outside of the cell.
Water movement: The water moves equally in and out of the cell at a constant rate, at the same time.
What happens to the cell?: The cell stays the same size.
Hypotonic Solution
Define: Solution that has a higher concentration of water outside of the cell.
Water movement: Water moves to the inside of the cell.
What happens to the cell?: The cell grows (hypo = hippo)
Hypertonic Solution
Define: Solution that his a higher concentration of water inside of the cell.
Water movement: Water moves out of the cell.
What happens to the cell?: The cell will shrink.
6. Explain the difference between passive and active transport.
Passive does not require energy (moving from high  low concentration); Active needs energy (moving from low  high concentration.
7. Define each of the following types of transport and indicate whether it is passive or active.
 simple diffusion: molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - passive
 facilitated diffusion: passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins
 endocytosis: energy-requiring process by which large substances from the outside environment can enter a cell - active
Other Vocab: Also be familiar with the following words/definitions.
ATP, microbes, contractile, diffusion, synthesis, regulation, excretion, osmosis, incapable, excrete, vibrate, coagulate, solute, concentrated, engulf, nuclear envelope, equilibrium

Biochemistry Review
MATCH THE MOLECULE WITH THE SUBUNIT THAT BUILDS IT:
D CARBOHYDRATES
B NUCLEIC ACIDS
C PROTEINS
A LIPIDS
A B
Match the molecule with its description:
C D
LIPIDS CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATE
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Made by joining amino acid subunits in long chains which provide a wide variety
of functions in cells
Made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
Made from nucleotide subunits which store and carry information
LIPIDS Hydrophobic fats, oils, waxes, & steroids made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms in long chains or multiple ring
Biomolecules
1.
Organic Compounds must contain CARBON
2.
Proteins are made up of this basic unit (monomer)-
.
AMINO ACIDS
3.
Nucleic acids are made up of this basic unit (monomer)- NUCELOTIDES
.
.
4.
Lipids are different from other macromolecules because they
___________________________________________________________________________________.
5.
Glycogen, cellulose, and starch are all CARBOHYDRATES .
6.
Which biomolecule has a glycerol and three long chains that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and
7.
oxygen? FATTY ACIDS
RNA and DNA are examples of
.
NUCLEIC ACIDS .
8.
ATP stands for ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE , which is a NUCLEIC ACID that provides ENERGY for all cellular actions.

9.
Identify the following structures as carbohydrate, protein, lipid, or nucleic acid.
A
B
C
Biomolecules
CARBOHYDRATES
Elements: CHO
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Elements: CHONP
LIPIDS
Elements: CHO
PROTEINS
Elements: CHON
GIVE FUNCTIONS OF EACH
1. SHORT-TERM ENERGY
2. CELLULOSE – STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR PLANTS
1. STORAGE OF GENETIC INFORMATION
2. TRANSMIT GENETIC INFORMATION
1. LONG-TERM STORAGE OF ENERGY
2. MAKE UP CELL MEMBRANE
1. FORM MUSCLES
2. TRANSPORT OXYGEN
3. ACT AS ENZYMES
4. MAKE HORMONES
5. PROVIDE STRUCUTRAL SUPPORT
D

Structure V
ENZYMES
Reactants in an enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction are called SUBSTRATES
Biomolecule that can act as enzyme is PROTEIN .
MATCH EACH COMPONENT IN THE ENZYME CATALYZED REACTION BELOW WITH ITS NAME BY WRITING THE
LETTER ON THE LINE PROVIDED.
Z PRODUCTS
X SUBSTRATE
W ACTIVE SITE
Y ENZYME
DNA & RNA Review
Including structure, function, replication, transcription & translation
Nucleic acids are ORGANIC compounds that are made of CHONP
Eamples:
DNA Structure
DNA is a long chain of NUCLEOTIDES
A DNA nucleotide is made of 3 parts:

5 carbon sugar DEOXYRIBOSE

PHOSPHATE group

NITROGENOUS BASE
 4 types ADENINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE, THYMINE
DNA is made of 2 strands of nucleotides

Backbone: PHOSPHATE & SUGAR

Interior: NITROGENOUS BASES

The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds between bases

A binds with T

C binds with G

DNA’s Job
DNA controls the synthesis of PROTEINS
The SEQUENCES dictates what protein is made
DNA Packaging
DNA is found in the NUCLEUS as a substance known as CHROMATIN (long strands)
DNA Replication
Replication is the process when cells make copies OF DNA
DNA molecule separates into TWO strands
Each strand serves as a TEMPLATE for a new strand
2 DAUGHTER strands are formed
Making Proteins
Instructions for making proteins are found in DNA but must first be transferred to RNA
RNA Structure
RNA is a long chain of NUCLEOTIDES
A RNA nucleotide is made of 3 parts:

5 carbon sugar RIBOSE
 PHOSPHATE group

NITROGENOUS BASE
 4 types ADENINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE, URACIL
Unlike DNA, an RNA molecule is SINGLE stranded
Types of RNA
1.
MESSENGER RNA
2.
RIBOSOMAL RNA
3.
TRANSFER RNA
Transcription
The process of making a mRNA from DNA mRNA brings the message to the CYTOPLASM
Transcription is controlled by the enzyme RNA polymerase

T
T
C
G
An Example of an mRNA Message used to create in the process of translation
DNA RNA
A T A tRNA
U
Amino Acid
CYSTEINE G C
C G
A U
A U
G
C
A
U
C
ISOLEUCINE
G C G
Template
After Transcription mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the RIBOSOME
Translation
Process in which ribosome uses information from mRNA to make PROTEINS
Proteins are made by joining AMINO ACIDS into long chains called POLYPEPTIDES
The SEQUENCE of the bases determines which amino acid is added
3 consecutive nucleotides is called a CODON
One CODON means to add a specific AMINO ACID
A tRNA will bring the specific AMINO ACID to the ribosome tRNA tRNA is called TRANSFER RNA because it brings AMINO ACIDS to the ribosome
The tRNA has an ANTICODON which determines what AMINO ACID it carries
When the complementary CODON is read on the mRNA the tRNA drops off the amino acid mRNA and Amino Acids
By looking up the 3 letter code on the mRNA, you can find out exactly what amino acid will be added.

ECOLOGY: Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis/Ecological Cycles
Energy Transfer/Wood Chains/Food Webs/Pyramids
?
?
1.
How much energy is available to the primary consumers in the above ecological pyramid? 1000 Kcal
2.
How much energy is available to the secondary consumers in the above ecological pyramid? 100 Kcal
3.
What happens to the energy that is not transferred to the next trophic level? USED BY THE ORGANISM
Know the definition of the following vocabulary words:

Producer

Autotroph
 Primary Consumer

Herbivore

Secondary/Tertiary/ Quaternary Consumer
 Heterotroph
 Scavenger

Decomposer
 Niche
Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis
4.
What is the primary source of energy for all living organisms on earth? SUN
5.
What is the equation for cellular respiration? Label the reactants and products of the reaction.
6.
What is the equation for photosynthesis? Label the reactants and products of the reaction.

Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
7.
What is an abiotic factor? NON-LIVING FACTOR
8.
What is a biotic factor? LIVING FACOTR
9.
What is the difference between the flow of matter and energy through an ecosystem?
MATTER – MATTER IS RECYCLED IN THE ECOSYSTEM
ENERGY – ENERGY CAN BE REPLENISHED BY THE SUN, RECYLCED THROUGH ECOSYSTEM
10.
Nitrogen is a major component of which biomolecule? PROTEIN
*Be familiar with the different parts of each cycle and the organism involved
Nitrogen Cycle:
Carbon Cycle: