Global History 2R
Commonly Tested Regents Facts
Mr. Alfano
Neolithic Revolution = shift from hunting/gathering to farming (leads to early river valley civilizations)
River valley civilizations= fertile soil, mild climate, water routes for trade/travel
Phoenician alphabet eventually becomes the one we use today
Geography of Greece = mountains, harbors, archipelago; Athens = democracy; Sparta = military state
Inca = Andes Mountains, Peru (South America), quipu, terrace farming, adapt to geography
Twelve Tables = Law of Roman Empire; Pax Romana = golden age of Rome
Silk Road = overland trade route from China to Roman Empire (Cultural diffusion, Marco Polo 1200s)
Byzantine Empire = preserve culture of Greece and Rome, brought Cyrillic alphabet and Eastern
Orthodox Christianity to Russia (example of cultural diffusion)
Five pillars of faith = Islam; Eightfold Path = Buddhism
Crusades = failure of original goal for Christians, but success in trade (example of cultural diffusion)
Ghana, Mali (capital of Timbuktu), Songhai = African trade of gold and salt across Sahara Desert
Renaissance = Rebirth, humanism (worth/importance of individual like Da Vinci, Michelangelo, etc.)
Encomienda system = Latin America; dominated by Spanish (peninsulares); Indians were slaves
Magna Carta (1215), English Bill of Rights (1689) = limited the power of kings and queens in England
Russian Revolution = “Peace, Land, and Bread”; French Revolution = “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Once in power, Napoleon used Napoleonic Code to establish order in France during French Revolution
Karl Marx = Communist Manifesto, communism, worldwide workers’ revolution, overthrow factory
owners, equal society of peasants, industrial workers are like slaves, class conflicts cause all problems
Dictators or totalitarian governments take power/revolutions occur when the government is not
meeting the needs of the people.
Advanced civilizations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas existed before the arrival of Europeans.
Ethnic conflicts take place in Africa after countries get their independence following World War II.
Sphere of influence = trade taken over; colony = government taken over
Japan lacks natural resources, turns to imperialism and trade to fulfill their needs
Meiji Restoration = Modernization; Japan’s Industrial Revolution
Global History 2R
Commonly Tested Regents Facts
Mr. Alfano
Opium War, Boxer Rebellion, Sepoy Mutiny = drive foreigners out of homeland
MAIN + assassination of Archduke = Causes of World War I
Joseph Stalin = totalitarianism, five-year plans, purges, collective farming
World War II = Allies—U.S., USSR, Great Britain; Axis—Germany, Japan, Italy
Gandhi/Mandela = civil disobedience, passive resistance, nonviolent methods
Apartheid = racial separation in South Africa (ended by Mandela)
Balfour Declaration (1917)—failed attempt to establish Jewish homeland in Middle East
End of Cold War = Fall of Berlin Wall, collapse of Soviet Union, Gorbachev, Reagan
Green Revolution (1960s) = using science and technology to improve agricultural production (India)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) = control price and supply of oil (Middle East)
Hitler, Pol Pot, Milosevic, Rwanda = genocide
Command economy = communism, gov’t control of land, labor, and capital, no private ownership
Market economy = capitalism, supply and demand, free trade, laissez-faire
Cultural diffusion = something spreading from one place and moving to another (ideas, items, etc.)
Interdependence = nations rely on each other to survive (trade, United Nations, European Union)
Confucianism = harmony between members of society; inferior-superior relationship hierarchy
Reformation = Luther, 95 Theses, banning indulgences, decreases power of the Church
Spanish defeat Aztec, Inca due to technology advantage, spread of diseases to natives
Mercantilism = colonies exist for benefit of mother country; establish a favorable balance of trade
Absolute monarchs take their power from God (through divine right)
John Locke = democracy, natural rights (life, liberty, and property), power derived from the people
Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Miguel Hidalgo, Touissant L’Ouverture, Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame
Nkrumah, are all leaders of NATIONALIST/INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS.
Congress of Vienna = after Napoleon’s time in power, looked to maintain a balance of power in Europe
Berlin Conference = imperialism in Africa; Munich Conference = appeasement (Chamberlain/Hitler)