Name: ______________________________
WH/GEO I – SOL Review Packet
75 points
These questions cover the essential knowledge that is on the SOL.
Remember: All questions need to be answered completely and in
complete sentences. (HANDWRITTEN/IN YOUR OWN WORDS)
I will be answering the: (Circle) EVEN or ODD
1.
What defines absolute location?
Absolute location is defined by an exact location on a map. It can be either latitude and longitude
coordinates or an address that can be pinpointed on a map
2.
How has the movement of people been significant to world history?
The movement of people has led to cultural diffusion or the sharing of ideas, culture, and technology.
3.
Homo Sapiens first emerged on what continent? How many years ago?
Homo Sapiens first emerged in East Africa between 100, 000 and 400, 000 years ago.
4.
Early hunter-gatherers depended on wild plants and animal life and were sometimes forced to migrate to
new locations for food. This made them what type of people?
Moving from place to place in search of food with no permanent homes made hunter-gatherers NOMADS
5.
What were the key characteristics of societies of the Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)?
Nomadic, simple tools and weapons, learned to use and make fire, lived in clans, oral language, cave art
6.
What were the major characteristics of the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)?
Developed agriculture (domesticated plants), Domesticated animals, Advanced tools, pottery, weaving skills
7.
8.
9.
What is carbon dating?
Carbon dating is a method of dating artifacts by determining the amount of radio-active carbon that is still
present in the object.
What site in England was begun in the Neolithic Age but finished in the Bronze Age?
Stonehenge
Why were river valleys important to the development civilization?
These river valleys offered rich soil and irrigation water for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations
that provided protection from invaders.
10. What civilization emerged in the Nile River Valley and Delta?
The Egyptian civilization emerged in the Nile River Valley and Delta. Pyramids, Pharaohs, Hieroglyphics, and
Papyrus.
11. The valleys of what two rivers served as the home to Mesopotamian civilization?
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
12. Indian civilization first emerged in what river valley?
Indian Civilization emerged in the Indus River Valley in the modern day country of Pakistan.
13. Chinese civilization first emerged in what river valley?
Chinese civilization first emerged in the Haung He River Valley (Yellow River)
14. Where did the Phoenicians settle?
The Phoenicians settled in independent city states along the Mediterranean coast in what is modern day
Lebanon.
15. What is a city-state?
A city state is the city accompanied with its surrounding land.
16. What was the first written law code? (it was created by a Babylonian ruler)
The first written code of law was written by the Babylonian King Hammurabi. It was known as Hammurabi’s
Code
17. Because of agricultural surpluses, certain people were able to engage in tasks and jobs other than farming.
What was this development called?
Because of agricultural surpluses, certain people took to other jobs and tasks besides farming. This was
known as specialization or specialized labor.
18. Which group of people were the first to practice monotheism?
The Hebrews were the first group of people to develop a monotheistic religion.
19. Who is Abraham and why is he important?
Abraham entered into the first covenant with God. It was said that if he and his people would believe in
and follow God, he would take them to the promise land of Canaan. Abraham is seen as the Father of
Judaism. Also an important figure in Christianity and Islamic beliefs.
20. Who was Moses and why is he important?
Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt. Crossed the Red Sea and received God’s laws, the Ten
Commandments, from god atop of Mount Sinai. This was the second covenant that the Hebrews made with
God.
21. What is the holy book of Judaism ? Identify the major beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism.
The holy book of Judaism is the Torah, the first five books of the old testament. Monotheistic Religion, Ten
Commandments. Capital of Israel wasJerusalem
22. What was the Diaspora?
The Diaspora was the forced exile, or kicking out, of the Jews (Hebrews) from their homeland
23. What is the name of the earliest written symbols, where pictures would represent ideas?
Pictograms or Pictographs
24. What was the form of writing in Egyptian civilization?
Egyptian writing took the form of hieroglyphics
25. What was the form of writing in Sumer?
Writing in Sumer was known as cuneiform. Tee shaped wedges marked into clay tablets. It was the
world’s first written language.
26. What were the key characteristics of the Persian rule and government?
Key characteristics of Persian rule and government were Tolerance of the religion and culture of the people
they conquered, Construction of the Road System (Royal Road), and Imperial Bureaucracy.
Remember the phrase that pays.
27. What was the official religion of Persia? What were its key beliefs?
Zoroastrianism was the official religion of Persia. It was a monotheistic religion that believed in two
opposing forces in the universe (good and evil), It gave us our first idea of the belief in heaven and hell.
28. Why is India considered a subcontinent?
It is considered a sub-continent because it is separated from the rest of the Asia by Mountains.
29. What physical and geographical barriers made invasion of India very difficult?
Physical and geographic barriers that made invasion of India difficult were the Himalayas and Hindu Kush
mountains and well as the Indian Ocean
30. What group of people were eventually able to invade India? How did they get there?
Aryans, Indo-Europeans, eventually were able to invade India through the Khyber Pass. Brought with them
a caste system based on skin color.
31. What are the key characteristics and beliefs of Hinduism?
Beliefs in many forms of one god (polytheism), Reincarnation, Dharma, Karma, Vedas and Upanishads
32. What is reincarnation?
In Hinduism, Reincarnation is the rebirth of one’s atman based upon one’s Karma
The cycleof life and rebirth is known as Samsara
33. Explain the concept of Karma?
Karma is the sum total of your Good or Bad deeds. It is the knowledge that all actions result in future
consequences (through reincarnation)
34. What are the sacred writings of Hinduism?
The Vedas and the Upanishads are the sacred writings of Hinduism
The Vedas contain the scriptures and verses while the Upanishads carry the meanings and interpretations.
35. Who founded Buddhism? Where was it founded?
Buddhism was found by Siddhartha Gautama in the Part of India that is now Nepal (Northern)
36. What are the Four Noble Truths?
1. All Life is Suffering
2. Suffering is the result of Desire
3. To End Suffering, we must end Desire
4. To End Desire, Follow the Eightfold Path
37. What is the Eightfold Path? Identify the eight steps.
The EightFold path was the “Middle Way” and how one would end suffering by ending desire.
Right View, Right, Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness,
and Right Concentration
38. Explain the key characteristics and beliefs of Confucianism.
Belief that humans are good and not bad, Respect for Elders (Fileal Piety), Code of Politeness, Emphasis on
Education,.Ancestor Worship, 5 relationships that helped with social harmony.
39. Explain the key characteristics and beliefs of Taoism (Daoism).
Humility, Simple Life and Inner Peace, Harmony with Nature. Their was a universal force (the way or Dao)
that led people to where they needed to be.
40. What is the Great Wall? Why was it built? Who was responsible for its construction?
The Great Wall was a wall built in Northern China to protect it from invader’s from the North. It was built
under the direction of Qin Shi Haungdi.
41. What idea was used by Chinese rulers to justify their rule? It lasted only as long as what?
Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven, where the right to rule
came from the gods. In this system, they only ruled as long as their rule was just.
42. What symbol is used to represent opposites in both Confucianism and Taoism?
The Yin and Yang represent opposing forces in both Confucianism and Daoism
Light vs. Dark, Good vs. Evil, Etc.
43. What geographical term is used to describe the location of Greece?
Greece location can be termed as the Aegean Basin. It consists of the Aegean Sea, the Balkan Peninsula,
and the archipelagos that make up Greece.
44. How did the mountainous terrain on the Greek peninsula affect its growth and unity?
Agriculture was limited due to mountainous terrain. Also prevented Greece from unifying under a central
government. Greece developed as independent city states due to the terrain and how it separated them.
45. What was the purpose of the Greek gods and goddesses? What things did Greek mythology explain?
Greek mythology offered explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events. Greek
mythology symbols and images are seen in Western Literature, Art, and Architecture
46. The following deities were gods of what? (Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Aphrodite)
Zeus – Thunder, King of the Gods
Hera- Marriage
Apollo – Light (sun), healing
Artemis – Goddess of the Hunt
Athena- Goddess of Wisdom
Aphrodite – Goddess of Beauty and Love
47. Which city-state developed the most democratic system of government in history?
Athens developed the most democratic system of government in history when they practiced Direct
Democracy. A system of Democracy in which EVERY citizen has the right to participate and vote in the
government.
48. Which groups of people had no political rights in Ancient Greece? What people were considered citizens in
Ancient Greece?
Women and slaves had no rights in ancient Greece. Citizens were considered to be adult, free males
49. Athens evolved through what four forms of government (in order)?
Monarchy, Oligarchy (Aristocracy), Tyrant, Democracy
50. Who was Draco and why was he important?
Draco was a Tyrant of Ancient Athens. He created a very harsh code of law known as Draconian Law where
most offenses were punished by death.
51. Who was Solon and why was he important?
Solon was a tyrant in ancient Athens. His most notable contribution was the outlawing of debt slavery
52. Sparta had what form of government? Which means what?
Sparta was governed by an Oligarchy which is when the power to rule is held by a few people.
53. What were the major qualities and values of Spartan society?
Oligarchy (ruled by a small group), Rigid Social Structure, Militaristic and aggressive Society
54. What wars were fought by the Greeks from 499-449BC that united Athens and Sparta?
These were known as the Persian Wars. Athens and Sparta (along with other Greek City States) to defend
Greece from the attacks of the Persian Empire
55. What was the Battle of Marathon and why was it important?
Site of major battle in the 1st Persian War. Greeks held of Persians and as the Persians retreated to their
ships. The Greeks attacked. Persians returned to their homes.
56. What was the Battle of Salamis and why is it important?
This was a naval battle during the second Persian War, following the destruction of Athens. The Greeks
tricked the Persians into a narrow bay at the island of Salamis. This ended the Persian Wars.
57. What war lasted from 431-404BC and pitted Sparta against Athens?
This was the Peloponnesian War.
58. Athens led what military alliance?
The Delian League. It was known as the Delian league because their treasury was located on the Island of
Delos.
59. Sparta led what military alliance? Who won the conflict?
Sparta led the Peloponnesian League in the Peloponnesian War against Athens and its allies, the Delian League.
Sparta and its allies win the conflict.
60. What individual led Athens during its Golden Age? What were his major achievements?
Pericles was the leader of Athens during its Golden Age. His accomplishments were to expand Democracy,
strengthen the Empire, and Beautify the city of Athens.
61. What is the Parthenon?
The Parthenon was a temple built to the Goddess Athena atop the acropolis in Ancient Athens
62. What poet spoke of the Trojan Wars? What are his epic poems called?
Homer was the blind poet that told stories of the Trojan Wars. His epic poems were The Illiad and The Odyssey
63. Which Greek artist was famous for his sculpture of Athena at the Parthenon?
Phidias was the artist best known for h is sculpture of Athena at the Parthenon.
64. What were the three types of Greek columns and what were their major characteristics?
Doric – no base, very plain or basic capital
Ionic – Base, Capital that looked like scrolls
Corinthian – Base, very elaborate or decorative capital
65. Who was Hippocrates and why was he important?
Greek Scientist, was considered the “Father of Medicine”
66. Who was Euclid and why was he important?
Greek Mathematician, was considered the “Father of Geometry”
67. Who was Pythagoras and why was he important?
Greek Mathematician, worked in Geometry. Pythagorean Theorem
68. Who were the three major philosophers and what were their major contributions?
SocratesPlatoAristotle69. What individual was responsible for conquering Greece? Where was from?
King Philip II of Macedonia conquered the Greek city states after they were too weak to fight as a result of the
Peloponnesian War.
70. Who adopted Greek culture and spread Hellenistic influences throughout this vast empire?
Alexander the Great adopted Greek Culture and blended it with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian Culture to create
what is known as Hellenistic Culture and he spread this culture throughout his empire
71. What was the Hellenistic Age and why was it important?
It was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian Cultures. Hellenistic culture was spread through trade.
72. What geographical features protected Rome and the Italian peninsula?
Rome was centrally located in the middle of the Mediterranean Basin away from the eastern Mediterranean
powers. It was also protected by the Alps and the Mediterranean Sea
73. What was the early form of government in Rome (after the Etruscan kings were deposed)?
Rome’s early government was a Republic or representative democracy in which citizens elected people to vote
for them within the government. Consisted of Consuls, Senate, and Assemblies.
74. Who were the Patricians?
Patricians were the wealthy landowners or Aristocracy within Ancient Rome
75. Who were the Plebeians?
Plebeians were the common people or lower class in Rome. They were the majority of the population, but had
very little power within the government.
76. Roman law was written down and called what?
The twelve Tablets or the Twelve Tables
77. What city in North Africa came into conflict with Rome over control of trade? What were the series of wars
known as?
Carthage came into conflict with Rome for control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea. The series of wars, each
resulting in Roman victory and expansion, were known as the Punic Wars.
78. Who was Hannibal and why was he important?
Hannibal was a daring General from Carthage that Attacked Rome after crossing through the Alps with war
elephants. Was only defeated after Scipio (Roman General) left Rome to threaten Carthage, forcing Hannibal’s
return to North Africa.
79. Who won the Punic Wars and what happened to Carthage as a result? to Rome?
Rome won the three Punic Wars. After each of the first two, Roma took control of areas once held by Carthage.
After the 3rd Punic War, Rome destroyed Carthage, sowed salt into the fields and either massacred or sold the
inhabitants into slavery. Carthage no longer existed.
80. Who was Julius Caesar and why was he important?
Roman General that conquered Gaul (France). Member of first Triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey. After a
civil war he became sole consul, then dictator for life. Was assassinated on the floor of the senate. His death
marks the end of the Roman Republic.
81. Who was Augustus Caesar and why was he important?
Nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. After defeating Marc Antony, he became the first emperor of the
Roman Empire. Instituted civil service, rule of law, common coinage, and safe travel throughout the empire.
82. What was the Pax Romana?
The Roman Peace was a 200+ year period of Peace and Prosperity within the Roman Empire following the rule
of Augustus Caesar. Coincided with the Pax Sinica or Chinese Peace.
83. Who began the teachings that eventually evolved into Christianity?
Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed to be the Messiah
84. How did Christian beliefs conflict with Roman Mythology?
Roman Mythology was polytheistic while Christianity was monotheistic.
85. What are the characteristics, beliefs, and traditions of Christianity?
Monotheistic, Jesus is the son and incarnation of God, Life after death, New testament contains accounts of
Jesus’ life and teachings as well as writings of early Christians
86. Who were the Apostles, and why is Paul important?
The apostles were the students of Christ that went with him and began to spread Christianity after his death.
Paul was a Roman citizen that is credited for the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire after
Jesus’ death.
87. Who adopted and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire? Why?
Constantine adopted Christianity and made it a legal religion through the Edict of Milan. During a battle he was
praying to Roman gods. Saw the Christian cross in the sky. He had his soldiers paint the cross onto their
shields and he won the battle.
88. Why were Roman roads and aqueducts important?
Aqueducts brought fresh water to the cities from the mountains. The roads allowed for trade and travel across
the empire. Led to expansion of the Empire and to the Spread of Christianity.
89. Who is Virgil and why was he important?
Roman Poet that wrote the “Aeneid”. Story of a Trojan that comes to Rome and is one of the early founders of
the city.
90. What five factors caused the decline of the Roman Empire?
Became too large to defense and administer, Economic troubles (cost of defense, inflation), undisciplined and
disloyal mercenaries made up much of the army, Moral decay (people lost faith in Rome and the family), Political
problems (civil unrest and weak rulers), and invasions and attacks on its borders.
91. Who moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to Byzantium? What did he rename the city?
Constantine was the Roman Emperor who moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. He renamed Byzantium
Constantinople.
92. Why was Constantinople’s location important to the Byzantine Empire?
It was far away from the Germanic invasions threatening Rome, Crossroads of Trade, Easily fortified site on a
peninsula bordered by natural harbors, protection of the Eastern Frontier
93. Who codified old Roman law for use by the Byzantine Empire? What was its name?
Justinian codified 400 years of Roman Law into one code known as the Justinian code. It became the basis for
law in Western Europe for the next 900 years.
94. What is the name of religious images used by Greek Orthodox Christians in worship?
Icons were the religious images used by Greek Orthodox Christians in worship
95. What was the name of the Byzantine domed church in Constantinople? What type of elaborate artwork did
it feature inside?
The Hagia Sophia or the “Church of the Holy Wisdom” was built in Constantinople and contained icons (religious
images) that included paintings and mosaics (made from colored tiles or pieces of glass)
96. How did Greek and Roman culture survive in the Byzantine Empire?
Greek and Roman culture were preserved in the Byzantine Empire through art and literature.
97. What were the key characteristics of the Eastern Christian Church (Greek Orthodoxy)?
Centered in Constantinople, Use of Greek, Close to Authority of Emperor in Constantinople, Patriarch appointed
by Emperor.
98. What were the key characteristics of the Western Christian Church (Roman Catholicism)?
Centered in Rome, Farther from the seat of power in Constantinople, use of Latin, Authority of the Pope,
Celibacy of the Priests.
99. Why was there a division between the Eastern and Western branches of Christianity?
Cultural and Political differences weakened the unity of the church and led to its division. Use of Icons,
Languages (Greek vs. Latin), Center of Churches were different (Rome vs. Constantinople), Authority of the
Pope in the West, authority of the Patriarch in the East.
100. What led to interaction between Byzantines and the Slavs in Russia?
Trade Routes between the Black and Baltic Seas, Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russians and much of
Eastern Europe, Missionaries
101. The Slavic oral languages were adapted to the Greek alphabet by who? What was it called?
St. Cyril (Byzantine Monk) adapted the Greek alphabet for the Slavs. It became known as the Cyrillic Alphabet
102. Who founded Islam?
Muhammad
103. In what geographic region was Islam founded? What two key religious cities are there?
Islam was founded in the Arabian Peninsula. The two key religious cities there are Mecca and Medina
104. What are the key characteristics, beliefs, and traditions of Islam?
Monotheistic: Allah is the Arabic word for God, Qur’an is the holy book or the words of God (Allah), Five Pillars
or core beliefs (duties), Acceptance of Judeo-Christian Prophets, including Moses, Abraham, and Jesus.
105. Identify each of the Five Pillars of Islam.
Declaration of Faith, Alms or Charity to the poor, Fasting during the month of Ramadan, Praying 5 times a day
(facing Mecca), pilgrimage or Hajj to Mecca during one’s lifetime
106. What is the holy book of Islam?
The Qur’an or Koran
107. What factors allowed for the significant expansion of Islamic beliefs and Muslim rule?
Diffusion along trade routes, expansion despite great distances and natural barriers, spread into the Fertile
Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia was facilitated by the weakened Byzantine Empire
108. Islam is divided into what two branches? Which is more common today?
Sunni- largest group within Islam. Believed that caliphs or successors should be elected
Shiite- Believed that Cliphs or successors should be descendants of Muhammad
109. What happened at the Battle of Tours and why was it important?
Charles Martel lead the Frankish army in battle against the Moors (Muslims) Army in 732 CE. His victory halted
Muslim advances into Western Europe and preserved Christianity.
110. What Mathematical achievements are attributed to the Muslim Empire?
The Muslim Empire is known for Arabic Numbers (adopted from India, including zero)
Algebra
111. What became the unifying force in Western Europe during the Middle Ages? Led by who?
The Roman Catholic Church, Led by the Pope, was the unifying force in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
112. Early Medieval society was founded on what three influences?
Classical Heritage of Rome, Christian Beliefs, and Customs of Germanic Tribes.
113. How did the Roman Catholic Church exercise influence during the Middle Ages? (4 ways)
Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements, Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin Alphabet
to the Germanic Tribes, The Pope anointed Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, and Parish priests
served the religious and social needs of the people.
114. What was a medieval manor and how did it work?
Manors included the Lords residence and all of the land they were given. The manors functioned as selfsufficient entities, producing or manufacturing all goods needed on the manor.
115. What group of people did the Church establish an alliance with in order to expand their power and
influence?
The church established alliances with Frankish kings and re-established Roman culture and Christianity in
western Europe.
116. Who was anointed as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 800 AD?
Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope on Christmas Day 800 CE
117. What technological advances allowed for an expansion of trade?
Technology that led to advancements and expansion in trade were new crops, paper from China, water wheels
and windmills from the Middle East, the compass from China, and the Lateen Sail from the Indian Ocean Region.
118. What two religious traditions coexisted in Japan?
Shinto (Native Religion to Japan) and Buddhism (imported from India, China, and Korea)
119. What are the key beliefs and traditions of Shinto?
Ethnic religion unique to Japan, Importance of natural features, forces of nature (camis), and ancestors, State
religion: worship of the emperor
120. What were the key characteristics of Axum (East Africa)?
Location relative to the Ethiopian Highlands, the Nile River, and the Red Sea is Eastern Africa, Christian Kingdom
121. What were the important characteristics of Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)?
Location relative to the Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean. City of “Great Zimbabwe”
was capital of a prosperous empire
122. What were the characteristics of the West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai?
Location relative to the Niger River and the Sahara Desert, Importance of salt and gold to Trans-Saharan Trade
Timbuktu was a city that was the center of trade and learning, Islamic
123. What were the characteristics of Mayan civilization (Central America)?
Mexican and Central American rain Forest, Yucatan Peninsula, represented by Chichen Itza, City-States governed
by Kings, Economy based on agriculture and trade, polytheistic, pyramids, human sacrifices, written language
(glyphs), calendar
124. What were the characteristics of Aztec civilization (present-day Mexico)?
Arid Valley in central Mexico, represented by Tenochtitlan, Ruled by Emperor, Economy based on Agriculture and
tribute from conquered people, Polytheistic religion, Pyramids, rituals and human sacrifice
125. What were the key characteristics of Incan Civilization (South America)?
Andes Mountains of South America, Represented by Machu Picchu, Ruled by an emperor, Economy based on
high altitude farming (terrace farming), polytheistic religion, Road System linking empire, Quipu
126. Who led the Norman Conquest and united most of England?
The Battle of Hastings united England as William the Conqueror (the Duke of Normandy) defeated Harold
Godwinson in 1066.
127. King John limited his power and the power of future kings when he signed what? When?
King John limited the power of the English Monarch when he signed the Magna Carta or “Great Charter” in 1215
128. What conflict with France united England as a nation?
The 100 Years War
129. Who was Joan of Arc and why was he important?
French peasant girl that heard voices and had visions sent from God to lead an army of French against the
English. She defeated the English as the Battle of Orleans. Turning point of the 100 Years War. Unifying force
for French. Burned at the stake.
130. Who were Ferdinand and Isabella and why were they important?
Queen and King of Spain that wanted to rule Spain as a Catholic nation so the reconquered (the “Reconquista”)
and drove the Jews and Muslims (Moors) out of Spain. Started the Spanish Inquisition
131. Who was Ivan the Great and why was he important?
Ivan was a Russian prince that refused to pay tribute to the Mongols, then expelled the Mongols, centralized his
power in the capital city at Moscow and created the nation-state of Russia.
132. What were the Crusades and why were they carried out?
The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars intended to free the Christian Holy Lands from the control of the
Muslims. They were carried out by political and religious leaders of Europe
133. What were the four major effects of the Crusades?
Weakened the Pope and Nobles; Strengthened the Monarch
Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East
Legacy of Bitterness between Jews, Christians, and Muslims
Weakened the Byzantine Empire
134. Who were the Mongols, and to where did they extend their empire?
Nomadic invaders from Central Asia that conquered Russia, China, and Muslims states in SW Asia
Destroyed cities and countryside
135. What group invaded and conquered the Byzantine Empire?
The Ottoman Turks
136. What was the impact of the Black Death on economic and social institutions? (five)
Decline in population
Towns freed from Feudal Obligations
Disruption of Trade
Scarcity of Labor
Decline of Church Influence
137. How did Church scholars interpret and value ancient learning? (five)
Were among the few that could read and write
Worked in Monasteries
Translated Greek and Arabic into Latin
Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available to Europe
Laid foundations for the rise of universities in Europe
138. What were the three economic concepts of the Renaissance?
Church rule against usury and banks’ practice of charging interest help secularize northern Italy
Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade
New accounting and bookkeeping practices using Arabic numerals
139. What were the three benefits to the geographic location of the Northern Italian city-states of Florence,
Venice, and Genoa?
They has access to trade routes connecting Europe to the Middle East
Served as distribution centers for distribution of goods to Northern Europe
Initially were independent city states governed as republics
140. Who is Machiavelli and why was he important? What is the Prince?
Wrote a book titled “The Prince” about how to gain and maintain Absolute Power
Coined the phrase “Necessary evil” – Doing bad things for good purposed
“The ends justifies the means”
141. Medieval art and literature focused on what?
The Church and Salvation
142. Renaissance art and literature focused on what?
Individuals, worldly matters and Christianity
143. Who was Leonardo da Vinci, and for what was he famous?
Renaissance artist that is most known for painting the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
144. Who was Michelangelo and for what was he famous?
Renaissance artist that is best known for paining the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel and the Statue of David
145. What is humanism, and why was it important to the Renaissance?
Art and Literature that celebrated the individual and their achievements
Renewed interest in Classical literature and learning
Patrons – Supporters of the arts…combines church ideals with secular or worldly ideas
146. What three factors explain how the values and ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread to Northern Europe?
The growth of wealth in northern Europe, merging of humanist ideas with Christianity, and moveable type
printing press and the production and sale of books.
147. What did Northern Renaissance thinkers merge with humanist ideas?
They merged humanist ideas with Christianity
148. What invention and events helped disseminate ideas?
Moveable type and the printing press along with the production and sale of books
149. Who was Erasmus and why was he important?
Northern Renaissance writer that described the corruption in the Catholic Church in his book “Praise of Folly”
150. Who was Sir Thomas More and why was he important?
Northern Renaissance writer that described an ideal or perfect society in his book “Utopia”