Test Review for Chapters 28-30
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State-sponsored industrialization: Russia began industrializing in 1861; Japan began
industrializing in 1868
Indian National Congress (INC)/”Congress Party” formed 1885 & was an association of
Western-educated Indians. What was its original purpose?
World War I: 1914-1918
o developments (long-term & short-term) led to WWI?
o Factors that made WWI a “world” war?
o How were colonies used in WWI?
o New developments in warfare used in WWI?
o Reasons for Russia’s weaknesses during WWI?
o British promises to Zionists? British promises to Arabs?
 Significance of Balfour Declaration, 1917?
Paris Peace Conference/Treaty of Versailles: 1919
o League of Nations created + why weak?
o Terms of the Treaty of Versailles/Effects on nations & colonies?
o How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to a second World War?
After WWI, nationalist movements in colonies strengthened with goal of self-determination.
Why were these movements stronger after WWI?
Turkey established as a westernized, secular republic for the Turkish people (established by
Ataturk)
What factor contributed most women in West gaining suffrage between 1914 and 1950?
Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
o Causes of the revolution including Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorial president + poor
conditions of peasants (land reforms!) + resentment of US foreign business control
o Alvaro Obregon’s election in 1920 marked the end of the Mex. Revolution
o Results of the revolution for Mexico?
o President Lazaro Cardenas’ (1930s) contributions to upholding the goals of the
Mexican Revolution?
Russian Revolution, 1917-1921
o Causes of the revolution including Czar Nicholas II’s absolutist control + effects of
WWI + poor conditions for peasants (land reforms!) & industrial workers + liberal
ideas + radical ideas
o 2 phases of the revolution: liberal revolution (Kerensky), communist revolution
(Lenin)
o How did Lenin try to gain support for communist revolution?
o Results of the revolution for Russia?
Chinese Revolution, 1911-1949
o Causes of the revolution including corrupt/ultra-conservative Qing dynasty + poor
conditions for peasants (land reforms!) + anti-Western spheres of influence + antiJapan + liberal reformers (Sun Yat-sen) + radical ideas (communism)
o 2 phases of the revolution: the Republic of China (Sun Yat-sen & Jiang Jiseshi),
communist China (Mao Zedong)
o Trace path of revolution (Guomindang, CCP, civil war, etc.) + why did the Republic
fail in China?
o USSR gave funding to the Nationalists to establish a modern army for China
o Sun Yat-sen & Jiang Jieshi (Guomindang/Nationalist Party); Mao Zedong (Chinese
Communist Party)
o Results of the revolution for China?
Mexican, Chinese, & Russian Revolutions were all nationalistic, anti-western movements
Gandhi & Mao Zedong were both largely successful in their goals because of their ability to
appeal to the peasant population in their nations.
What is civil disobedience? + provide examples of it being used in the process of
decolonization
Gandhi (India), Kenyatta (Kenya), & Nkrumah (Ghana) were all advocates of the civil
disobedience approach to gaining independence from the West
Great Depression, 1929-1930s
Governments began to take a more active role in regulating their nation’s economies
 How did national governments try to respond to the problems created by the
Great Depression?
 USA, Germany, Japan, Mexico
Fascism emphasizes self-sacrifice for your nation-state, expansion and glorification of the
nation’s military, leadership by authoritarian dictators, a denial of personal rights,
application of a secret police force and propaganda
What were Hitler’s goals for Germany in the 1930s-early 1940s?
World War II: 1939-1945
o Aggressive actions by totalitarian nations (Germany, Italy, & Japan) sparked WWII
o Weak responses to this aggression by the League of Nations, Britain, France, & US
o In order to avert war, Britain tried to use appeasement to satisfy Hitler’s desires (ex.
Munich Agreement, 1938)
o Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939 proved appeasement wouldn’t work  WWII
begins
o Hitler used blitzkrieg early in the war. How is this different from the strategy on the
Western front in WWI?
o Allied Powers/Axis Powers – Which nations belonged to each?
o Scientific/technological innovations developed & used in WWII?
o What is “total war”?  how were WWI & WWII examples of this?
o What was the significance of the Atlantic Charter, 1941?
o USA saw HUGE economic expansion during WWII due to demands of war effort
o Civilians were major targets for attack in WWII.
 Holocaust (12 million killed)
 Rape of Nanking
 Allied bombing of German cities (ex. Firebombing of Dresden, 1945)
 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Japan
o Allied strategy for defeating the Nazis? Allied strategy for defeating Japan?
o Outcomes of WWII?
o United Nations, 1945-present  significance? + why stronger than the League of
Nations?
o Cold War (USA vs USSR/West vs. East/Capitalism vs. Communism), 1945-1991
Decolonization, 1945-1970s
o Western nations finally began to grant self-determination to most of their former
colonies after WWII (Reasons for this?)
o India, 1947
 Be able to explain the nationalist movements in India after WWI as well as
their goals, leaders, and strategies (ex. INC, Muslim League)
 1947: partition/independence of India & Pakistan  refugee crisis
(Muslims & Hindus cross borders searching for religious protection)
o Palestine/Israel
 What factors motivated increased Jewish migration to Palestine in the
decades after WWI?  results of this migration?
 1948: Israel becomes nation w/partition of Palestine  Arab/Israeli
conflict
 Sub-Saharan Africa decolonization
 Ghana 1st, 1957
 Different strategies used to gain independence?
o Civil-disobedience (Kenyatta in Kenya, Nkrumah in Ghana)
o Guerilla warfare (ie. Algeria vs. France; Mau Mau War in
Kenya vs. Britain)
o Negotiations w/the West
 South Africa maintains white domination by Afrikaner National
Party (Apartheid)
 After independence, most new African nations:
o maintained economic dependence on Western nations
o experienced ethnic/tribal conflict/civil war
o had weak democracies that fell to brutal dictators
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