Supporting Information
Table S1. Trends in total rainfall, zero rainfall days, air temperature and solar radiation on upper
Haleakalā volcano over two time periods. Linear trends are fitted to data with least squares
regression and adjustment for autocorrelation (see Materials and Methods). All coefficient
standard errors, t statistics and p values shown are adjusted values; p values ≤0.10 highlighted in
bold.
1950-2010
1990-20101
Variable
trend2
SE
t
p
trend2
SE
t
p
3
2130 m elevation
rainfall (annual)
-5.419
4.582
1.183
0.122
-26.534
4.669
5.683 <0.001
rainfall (dry seas)
-0.501
1.582
0.317
0.376
-3.761
2.229
1.687
0.051
rainfall (wet seas)
-4.918
3.425
1.436
-22.773
4.032
5.648 <0.001
0.078
0 rainfall days (annual)
0.468
0.206
2.268
1.881
0.393
4.788 <0.001
0.014
0 rainfall days (dry seas)
0.142
0.125
1.134
0.131
1.307
0.207
6.303 <0.001
0 rainfall days (wet seas)
0.326
0.107
3.059
0.574
0.166
3.452 <0.001
0.002
air temperature
0.015
0.004
4.014 <0.001
0.009
0.006
1.480
0.078
solar radiation anomaly
----0.416
0.033
1.274
0.119
2600 m elevation3
rainfall (annual)
rainfall (dry seas)
rainfall (wet seas)
0 rainfall days (annual)
0 rainfall days (dry seas)
0 rainfall days (wet seas)
air temperature
solar radiation anomaly
---------
---------
---------
---------
-11.441
-6.405
-10.886
0.674
1.067
-0.081
0.006
1.031
10.776
4.124
15.186
0.936
0.629
0.531
0.018
0.400
1.062
1.553
0.717
0.720
1.698
0.152
0.357
2.578
0.152
0.069
0.241
0.241
0.054
0.440
0.364
0.010
3000 m elevation3
rainfall (annual)
rainfall (dry seas)
rainfall (wet seas)
0 rainfall days (annual)
0 rainfall days (dry seas)
0 rainfall days (wet seas)
air temperature
solar radiation anomaly
---------
---------
---------
---------
-35.356
-6.985
-6.099
0.664
0.759
0.183
0.002
0.329
26.225
5.650
21.022
0.903
0.592
0.586
0.019
0.573
1.348
1.236
0.290
0.735
1.284
0.312
0.094
0.574
0.100
0.119
0.388
0.237
0.107
0.379
0.463
0.293
1
For some variables at some stations, trends were calculated for the period 1990 to 2009 due to
incomplete data for parts of 2010.
2
Trend units for rainfall are mm per year or per season; units for 0 rainfall days are days per year or per
season; units for air temperature are ºC per year; units for solar radiation are W per m2 per year.
3
Data for 2130 m elevation were obtained from the Haleakalā Ranger Station, except for solar radiation
which came from HaleNet station 151; data for 2600 m elevation and 3000 m elevation were obtained
from HaleNet stations 152 and 153, respectively. HaleNet data begin in 1990.