JOINTS WORKBOOK
Key terms
Term
joint
Definition
The point where two bones meet/articulate.
ligament
A sleeve of tough, fibrous connective tissue, which connects two are more
bones. (like to like)
tendon
Strong, mainly inelastic dense connective tissue, which connects muscle to
bone.
to articulate
Surfaces which move or hinge
motility
Capable of movement
Types of Joints
Type
fibrous
Description
Example
The skull
Non-movable joint
cartilaginous
The spine/vertebrae
Little movement, connected by cartilage
synovial
Movable joints; majority of our joints
Knees, shoulders, wrist,
ankle
Structure of a Synovial Joint
The Bone Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0E5Nckxu5g
Verse 1
14 bones make up my face
Verse 5
The cranial bones surround an empty space.
28 phalanges in my fingers and thumbs
No that’s not right, they’re protecting my brain!
And 44 bones already, still not done!
Where was I let’s start again.
1 coxal – a hip,
1 femur - a thigh,
Verse 2
2 patellas are kneecaps – my, oh my!
22 bones under my hair;
3 Ossicles inside each ear.
Verse 6
The hyoid bone inside my throat.
Tibia and fibula in each shin,
Who knew that? Let’s make a note!
Tibia’s fat, and fibula thin!
Each ankle has 7 tarsals bones
Verse 3
Twist them, sprain them, hear them groan!
26 vertebrae in my spine,
24 ribs in this chest of mine,
Verse 7
The sternum keeps them all apart,
10 metatarsals in the balls of my feet.
They’re protecting my lungs and my heart.
28 phalanges in my toes..that’s so neat!
How many bones is that, you ask?
Verse 4
Well, add them them up…..
2 bones in each shoulder, front and back.
And complete the task!
3 in each arm, it’s the muscles I lack!
206!!!!!!!
8 carpals that make up each of my wrists
5 metacarpals per palm, how’s our list?
Knee Injury Poster Circus
Ligaments of the knee
ACL Injuries
What is the primary purpose of the ACL?
To control movement of the knee joint.
How can the ACL be torn or injured?
Lateral movements
What are some activities where the ACL is commonly injured?
Contact sports (Rugby, American Football), sports with lateral and quick changing movements (soccer,
basketball, skiing).
According to AAOS, which groups of athletes are at a higher risk of ACL injuries?
Female athletes – A lot of research is being conducted in this area.
PCL Injuries
What is the primary purpose of the PCL?
Aids in rotation of the knee. Prevents the tibia from moving too far under the femur, which stabilizes the knee.
PCL sprains usually occur because of:
A blow to the knee while it is bent.
How are PCL’s most often injured?
Car accidents, and sporting activities (American football, soccer, baseball, skiing. Falling.
MCL Injuries
Where is the MCL located on the knee & what does it do?
Inside the knee. Prevents the knee from moving inward.
How does the MCL primarily get injured?
Bending, twisting, quick change of movement.
Which contact sports report a high rate of MCL injuries?
American football and soccer.
Cartilage Injuries
What is the primary purpose of cartilage?
Cushion between joints; prevents bones from rubbing against each other.
What is a meniscus tear?
A rupture in one of the fibrocartilage strips in the knee.
What are some signs & symptoms of a meniscal tear?
Pain due to swelling. Menisci doesn’t have nerve endings, so the menisci tissues aren’t actually causing the
pain. Stiffness may occur.
What may occur if the meniscus goes untreated?
Difficult to move – Surgery may or may not be needed.
Interesting video about meniscus tears below.
http://www.howardluksmd.com/sports-medicine/meniscus-tears-why-surgery-isnt-always-necessary/
Osgood Schlatter disease Painful knee condition of the patella ligament
What are the two ways in which Osgood-Schlatter Disease may affect boys 10 -15 years of age?
1) Growth spurt
2) Physical activity/sports
What are some symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease?
Pain (in the knees, when running or doing other physical activities, inflammation).
Tendon Injuries
What is tendinitis?
Inflammation of a tendon.
What two groups of people are more prone to these tendinitis injuries?
Tennis players, golfers. However, running or doing any activity in excess can increase the risk of tendinitis.
Treatment of Knee Injuries
PHYSICAL THERAPY:
RICE:

Evaluation

Rest

Therapy

Ice

Education

Compression

Aftercare

Elevation
Extension task
Diagnose the patients. Explain your reasoning!
Dislocation
Fracture
Different Types of Synovial Joints
Joint Type
Movement at joint
Hinge


One axis
Flexion and
Extension
Pivot


One axis
Rotation
Ball and socket


3 axes
Flexion and
extension
Abduction and
adduction
Rotation and
circumduction


Saddle



Condyloid



Gliding

2 axes
flexion and
extension
abduction and
adduction, giving
circumduction
2 axes
flexion and
extension
abduction and
adduction, giving
circumduction
A little movement
in all directions
Examples
Structure
Movement at synovial joints
Explain the movements occurring at each synovial joint during four different types of physical activity.
Ball &
Hinge
Condyloid
Saddle
Gliding
Pivot
Socket
Name of Description Description Description Description Description Description
Activity/
of
of
of
of
of
of
Sport
movement movement movement movement movement movement
A penalty Hip- flexion Anklekick in
plantar
soccer
flexion
Kneeextension
High Jump Hips in
Ankle/
Take off/
flighttake off leg
Clavicle &
Extension
- plantar
Scapulaflexion.
Elevation
Knee/ take
off leg extension
Throw in, Elevation, Elbow joint Hand
in soccer- upward
extends as Joints(arm action rotation
a
Supination
in overarm
movement to
throw)
progresses pronation
Push Up 2.
1. Elbow1. Down Shoulderflexion
Phase
horizontal
2. Up
adduction
Phase

During the High Jump in flight the facet joints in the spine produce extension and hyperextension.
Penalty Kick in Soccer (main agonist muscle in red)
Physical
Activity
Joint
type
Movement
produced
Agonist
muscles
Leg action
in kicking
Ankle/
Hinge
Knee/
Hinge
Hip/ ball
and
socket
Plantar
flexion
extension
Tibialis
Sagittal
anterior
Quadriceps Sagittal
group
Iliopsoas,
Sagittal
rectus
femoris,
adductor
longus/
brevis
flexion
Body
plane
Body axis
Type of
muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
Transverse Eccentric
Transverse Concentric
Transverse Concentric
High Jump (main agonist muscle in red)
Physical
Activity
Joint Used
Articulating
bones
Movement
produced
Agonist muscles
High jump
at take off
Ankle
- take off
leg
Talus, tibia,
fibula
Plantar flexion
Knee
- take off
leg
Tibia, femur
Extension
Shoulder
girdle
Clavicle,
scapula
Elevation
hips
Femur,
acetabulum of
pelvis
Extension
spine
vertebrae
Extension/
hyperextension
Gastrocnemius,
Soleus,
Tibialis posterior,
Peroneus,
Flexor digitorum
longus
Quadriceps group:
Rectus femoris,
vastus medialis,
vastus intermedius,
vastus lateralis
Trapezius,
rhomboids, levator
scapulae
Gluteus maximus,
assisted by:
Hamstring group:
Biceps femoris,
semimembranosus,
semitendinosus
Erector spinae group
High jump
in flight
Type of
muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
Concentric
Concentric
Concentric
Concentric
Concentric
Arm action in an over arm throw (2 handed- like a ‘throw in’, in football)
(main agonist muscle in red)
Physical
Activity
Joint Used
Arm action Elbow
in over
arm throw
Shoulder
girdle
Hand joints
Articulating
bones
Movement
produced
Humerus,
Elbow joint
radius, ulna extends as
a
movement
progresses
Scapula,
Elevation,
clavicle
upward
rotation
Agonist
muscles
Type of
muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
Triceps
brachii,
anconeus
concentric
Elevation:
trapezius,
levator
scapulae
Upward
rotation:
trapezius,
serratus
anterior
Carpals,
Supination Pronator
radius, ulna to pronation teres,
pronator
quadratus
concentric
concentric
Full action of the Push Up (up phase and down phase)
Main agonist muscle is in red, main antagonist muscle in blue
Physical
Activity
Joint Used
Movement
produced
Agonist
muscles
Antagonist
muscles
Type of
muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
Arm action
in push updown
movement
Up
movement
Elbow/
hinge joint
flexion
Triceps
brachii,
anconeus
Biceps
brachii,
brachialis
eccentric
Shoulder/
ball and
socket
Horizontal
adduction
Pectoralis
major,
anterior
deltoid
Trapezius,
posterior
deltoid
concentric
Dissecting a Leg
Aim:
The aim of this activity is to make you aware of the elements of the skeletal system and how they
interrelate.
Materials:
• Raw chicken leg quarter - one for each pair
• Sharp scissors – one per pair
• Plastic gloves
 Cutting tile
Procedure:
Our leg is very much like that of a chicken including the femur (thigh bone), knee (hinge joint), fibula
and tibia (smaller bones of the shin), cartilage, and ligaments that are all part of our skeletal system.
Beyond that, we also have similar muscle structure, tendons, fat, and skin.
We will be exploring each of these similar characteristics.
Shade in the bullet point to show each activity completed
1. Place the chicken leg, skin side up, on the cutting tile.
o Point out the texture of the skin.
o Identify the follicles where feathers grew.
o Feel the skin.
o
o
o
o
2. Turn the chicken leg over.
Understand that the part you call the meat is actually the muscle. Identify the fat.
You may want to pull off some of the fat and show the difference in the consistency of the
muscle and fat.
Locate the end of the bone that may be seen at either end of the leg.
Identify the cartilage as the white tissue that surrounds the end of the bone to protect it.
-The purpose of the cartilage is to keep bones from touching each other.
-It stops the wearing down of bone that would occur if the bones were in constant contact with
each other.
3. Return the chicken leg to the skin up position.
o Pull the skin of the thigh back to show the underside of the skin.
o Locate the blood vessels of the skin.
4. Remove the remainder of the skin.
o Review the other tissue that is now visible (fat, muscle, cartilage, bone).
5. Pick up the leg and bend the joint.
o Show that it is a hinge joint because it only moves in one direction.
o Demonstrate the movement of the joint.
6. Using scissors, carefully cut away some of the muscle to expose tendons (white areas
of the muscle) that connect the muscle to the bone.
-Tendons are part of the muscular system.
-They become very evident near the ends of the bones.
-Ligaments are more difficult to locate.
-Ligaments attach the bones to other bones.
o Look around the joint and attempt to locate ligaments.
o Also expose the cartilage for viewing.
o Show that the cartilage surrounds the bone where it would be touching another bone.
-Cartilage is the protective cushion between bones.
-DO NOT expose the joint yet.
o Point out the various shapes of the muscles.
7. Carefully cut away the muscle, fat, tendons, etc. to expose as much of the bone and
joint as possible.
o Show that the joint is well protected by cartilage.
o Demonstrate the hinge joint and the type movement possible with a hinge joint.
-It will only move in one direction.
8.
o
o
o
o
Carefully break the hinge joint.
View both parts of the hinge joint.
Demonstrate how they fit together.
Note the amount of cartilage protecting each part of the joint.
Review again that cartilage is between bones, ligaments hold bone to bone, tendons
hold muscle to bone.
9. Carefully break the largest bone. Do not crush the bone.
o Observe the red jelly-like tissue inside the bone.
-This is the bone marrow.
-Marrow produces red blood cells and platelets for use throughout our body.
o Use the point of the scissors to show the consistency of the marrow.
o Discuss how brittle the one is and how easily it was broken.
Bone Injuries - webquest
1. STRAINS AND SPRAINS
Go to http://www.hughston.com/hha/a.strain-sprain.htm
What is the difference between a SPRAIN and a STRAIN?
A sprain is an injury involving the stretching or tearing of a ligament or joint capsule.
Strains are injuries that involve the stretching or tearing of a muscle and tendon.
2. ARTHRITIS: TWO TYPES
a. Osteoarthritis http://www.medicinenet.com/osteoarthritis/article.htm
- Description/Cause:
-
What are “bone spurs” and how are they associated with OA?
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-spurs/DS00627
-
How does this relate to Wolff’s Law?
b. Rheumatoid Arthritis
http://www.arthritis.org/disease-center.php?disease_id=31
-
Description of rheumatoid arthritis:
-
How does RA differ from OA?
3. VIRTUAL SURGERY! Your turn to be the doctor! Write a brief description of the steps involved in ONE
Pick one: http://www.edheads.org/activities/knee/ OR http://www.edheads.org/activities/hip/
4. BONE FRACTURES: http://www.medicinenet.com/fracture/article.htm
a. Greenstick fracture: (draw and define)
b. Comminuted fracture: (draw and define)
c. Compound fracture: (draw and define)
5. WHAT´S UP WITH THE PHRASE ‘DOUBLE-JOINTED? –CAN YOU EXPLAIN WHAT IT MEANS?
http://www.personal.psu.edu/afr3/blogs/SIOW/2010/09/why-are-some-people-double-jointed.html
6. CRACKING YOUR KNUCKLES?… (be sure to visit BOTH sites)
http://www.livescience.com/health/060710_mm_joints_crack.html
http://www.physorg.com/news64162917.html
a. What are the different explanations behind what causes the “popping” sounds associated with jointpopping?
b. Can cracking your knuckles cause arthritis?
Joints Review Questions – try and complete these WITHOUT your notes!
1. What are joints? 2 marks
Answer: The point at which 2 or more bones articulate.
2. What are fixed joints? What is their other name? 2 marks
Answer: The bones are held together by tough fibres, also known as a fixed joint.
3. What are slightly moveable joints? 2 marks
Answer: The bones are separated by a cushion of cartilage, also known as cartilaginous joints.
4. Answer: Skull- Fibrous Joint Spine- Cartilaginous joint
5. What are freely Moveable joints?
Answer: Also know as Synovial Joints
6. The knee joint is a Hinge Joint.
7. There are 6 types of freely moveable joints.
8. A. Hinge Joint
E. Pivot Joint
B. Saddle Joint
C. Ball and Socket
D. Condyloid Joint
F. Gliding Joint
9. Ligaments link the bones together and limits the range of movement of a joint.
10. Cartilage protects bones and stops them from wearing each other down.